清代漕河中的百万“衣食者”——兼论清代漕运对运河大众生计的影响

People Who Depend on Canal in the Qing Dynasty——On the Influence of Caoyun in the Qing Dynasty on the Livelihood of the Canal People

清代漕运年复一年,带来了繁复的运粮事务和巨量的货物流转,由此各色人群汇聚运河沿线,从事体力、商业以及其他各种服务性的活动。运丁和水手是漕粮运输的主力,倚食漕粮运输以及附载的货物;纤夫和脚夫维持运河船只往来,以廉价劳动力获取生计;浅夫和泉夫等济运群体依赖漕事为生;商人与贩夫既包括各大商帮,也包括贩夫走卒,既包括坐贾行商,也包括各种服务性从业者。不少人群从传统生活秩序中“溢出”并结成新的生活共同体,倚食漕河,极大地推动了运河区域的消费市场和商业繁荣。清代漕运极大地影响了运河区域的大众生计和社会生活。

The canal transport of tribute grain(Caoyun,漕运)in the Qing Dynasty year after year brought about complicated issues in grain transportation and huge volumes of goods flow.As a result,all kinds of people gathered on the front line of the rivers to engage in physical,commercial and other service activities.Transporters and sailors were the main labor force in the transport.They depended on the transport and the goods for a living.Trackers and porters maintained the canal boats and used cheap labor to obtain a livelihood;those who dredged ditches and salvaged shipwrecks,and other relief groups lived on water services;merchants,peddlers,included not only the major business groups,but also the traffickers and pawns.Many people“overflowed”from the traditional life order and formed new living communities,relying on canal transport,which greatly propelled the prosperity of the consumption market and business in the canal area.The canal transport in Qing Dynasty greatly affected the livelihood and social life of the people in the canal areas.