失信联合惩戒措施的类型及行为属性

The Types and Behavioral Attributes of Joint Punishment Measures for Dishonesty

当前失信联合惩戒制度实践中出现的大量失信联合惩戒措施,类型众多,行为属性不清,影响到对其进行合法性控制。有鉴于此,学者们形成了“行政处罚说”“间接强制执行说或担保的行政处罚说”“综合或独立的法律责任说”“政府管制手段说”“类型化说”等主要学理论说。随着研究的不断深入,“类型化说”开始占据主流学术地位并达成了部分学理共识。但在类型化标准问题上,受传统概念法学的理论掣肘,该说主要采用的行政行为形式标准显然无法有效回应综合或独立的法律责任说、新型政府监管手段说提出的挑战。而且,根据现有类型化标准对失信联合惩戒措施的行为属性进行界定,还会导致实践操作中出现行为的可诉性、法律责任的确定和救济途径的选择等诸多困境。为回应新行政法理论提出的挑战,便于实践操作,我们应综合采纳行政行为的形式标准与实质标准,以厘定失信联合惩戒措施的不同类型及行为属性。

At present,a large number of administrative punishment measures appear in the practice of joint punishment mechanism for trust-breaking.There are many types of administrative punishment measures with unclear behavior attributes,which affects their legal control.Based on their respective academic background and disciplinary characteristics,scholars have formed the main theoretical theories such as“administrative punishment theory”,“indirect enforcement theory or guaranteed administrative punishment theory”,“comprehensive or independent legal liability theory”,“theory of government control methods”,and“typology theory”.With the continuous research,the“typology theory”began to occupy the mainstream academic position and reached some theoretical consensus.However,on the issue of typification criteria,restricted by the traditional concept of jurisprudence,the administrative behavior form standards mainly adopted by this theory obviously cannot respond effectively to the challenges posed by the theory of comprehensive or independent legal liability and the theory of new governmental supervision means.Moreover,to define the behavior attributes of joint punishment for dishonesty according to the existing typification criteria will lead to many difficulties in practice,such as the actionability of behaviors,the determination of legal liabilities and the choice of remedies.In response to the challenges posed by the new administrative law and making it easy for practical operation,it is recommended that a combination of formal and substantive critera for administrative actions be adopted comprehensively,so as to determine the different types and behavior attributes of joint punishment for dishonesty.