清代察绥地区地商探析

An Analysis of the Land Merchants in Chahar and Suiyuan in the Qing Dynasty

地商是指清代蒙旗土地的垄断经营者。清代察绥地区地商出现较早,由于土地权属和自然条件的差异,地商经营、组织方式也有所不同。清代察绥地区地商始终处于与地方官僚、蒙古王公、传教士等势力的利益博弈中。清末放垦时期,由于国家权力的刚性介入,地商活动由少数口内民人获利的手段渐次演变为绅商集团谋取特殊利益的门径。清代察绥地区地商群体的演变,从一个侧面展现了蒙古地区社会阶层重组和土地制度变迁的过程。

The land merchants refer to the monopoly operators of Mongolian Banner land in the Qing dynasty.Because of the differences in land ownership and natural conditions,the management and organization of land merchants in Chahar and Suiyuan region are different.In the Qing dynasty,land merchants in Chahar and Suiyuan region were always in a game of interests with local bureaucrats,Mongolian princes,missionaries and other forces.During the late Qing period,the rigid intervention of state power resulted the land merchants changed,which transformed the way making profit of minority Han Landlord into the approach for gentry business group to seek their special benefits.The evolution of the land merchant groups in Chahar and Suiyuan region in the Qing dynasty showed the process of social class reorganization and land system changes in Mongolia from one side.