数字平台竞争中独家交易反垄断认定研究

Research on Anti-monopoly Determination of ExclusiveTransaction in Digital Platform Competition

数字平台竞争中独家交易行为日渐受到关注和重视,成为反垄断规制中不可忽视的问题。独家交易的概念极为广泛,在不同语境下有不同的界定。按照市场结构,独家交易可以分为上下游垄断性、上游寡占主导型、上下游竞争垄断型和下游寡占主导型四种类型,不同类型有不同的特征。数字平台中的独家交易属于下游寡占主导型独角交易,因在实施主体、表现形式、意思表示等方面与其他的独家交易类型不同,同时还因我国《反垄断法》第17条适用存疑、经济分析模式争议较大、适用原则演变中的争议以及数字经济下独家交易的特性等因素加大了认定难度,使得对数字经济背景下的独家交易认定陷入了困境。通过对阿里“二选一”、腾讯音乐构筑独家版权两个案例的分析,在数字经济反垄断中认定独家交易违法性需要从实施主体地位、市场锁定份额、持续时间和进入壁垒程度四个方面予以细化。

The exclusive transaction behavior in the competition of digital platforms has received increasing attention,and has become an issue that cannot be ignored in anti-monopoly regulations.The concept of exclusive transactions is extremely broad and has different definitions in different contexts.According to the market struc⁃ture,exclusive transactions can be divided into four types:upstream and downstream monopoly,upstream oligopo⁃ly,upstream and downstream competition monopoly,and downstream oligopoly,different types have different char⁃acteristics.The exclusive transaction in the digital platform is a downstream oligopolistic one-man transaction,be⁃cause it is different from other exclusive transactions in terms of implementation subject,form of expression,and expression of intent.At the same time,the difficulty of identification increased due to factors including the applica⁃tion of Article 17 of China's Anti-Monopoly Law is questionable,economic analysis models are more controver⁃sial,disputes in the evolution of application principles,and the characteristics of exclusive transactions in the digi⁃tal economy,these factors make it difficult to identify exclusive transactions in the context of the digital economy.Through the analysis of two cases of Ali"choose one of two"and Tencent Music's construction of exclusive copy⁃right,this paper puts forward that the determination of the illegality of exclusive transactions in the anti-monopoly of the digital economy needs to be refined from four aspects:the status of the implementation subject,the market share,the duration and the degree of entry barriers.