日本杏雨书屋藏737号吐蕃天下都僧统愿文研究--兼谈吐蕃僧官制度

A Study on Kyouushooku’s Collection of Document No. 737 (A Buddhist Prayers from Regional Chief Monk) and Some Discussions about the Monastic Official System in Ancient Tibet

日本杏雨书屋藏737号文书是一件佛教发愿文。文中的发愿者天下都僧统和上(尚)是吐蕃佛教最高僧官,藏文称佛教宗师,总管吐蕃全境佛教事务。此僧职见于多件吐蕃时期的碑铭和敦煌汉、藏文书之中。吐蕃僧官制度源于中原地区,创立于赞普赤松德赞时期,属于汉藏交流的产物。吐蕃佛教宗师来到敦煌的时间,应为唐德宗贞元到唐文宗开成(786-836)年间,此行目的是到河西地区处理佛教事务并礼佛。唐武宗会昌二年(842),吐蕃末代赞普朗达玛被刺杀之后,吐蕃僧官制度仍然得以延续,教法住持成为吐蕃瓜州节度使辖区最高僧官。

Kyouushooku's collection of document No.737 is a Buddhist Prayers.The petitioner in thedocument,Tianxia Dusengtong(天下都僧统,which means the regional chief monk of the world)is themost senior buddhist offical in Tibet,known in Tibetan as the Buddhist patriarch and in charge of Bud-dhist affairs throughout Tibet at that time.This monastic position is found in many Tibetan inscriptionsand Dunhuang documents.The monastic offical system of Tibet originated from the mainland and was es-tablished in the period of btsan po Trisong Detsen.It was a product of Han-Tibetan culture exchange.The Buddhist masters of Tibet came to Dunhuang from 786 to 836,whose purpose was to attend toBuddhist affairs and pay homage to Buddha in Hexi.In 842,after the assassination of Langdarma,thelast btsan po of Tibet,the system of monastic official of Tibet continued,Jiaofa Zhuchi(教法住持)be-came the highest monk official under the Kua-cu(瓜州)regional military governor in Tibet.