灵塔与法脉传承--青海玉树杂多吉日沟塔群初探

Reliquary Stūpa and Lineage Image: A Survey of Stūpa Group at Kyiré gon,Yushu Prefecture

青海省玉树州杂多县昂赛乡吉日沟塔群现为省级文物保护单位,可据位置分布划为1-3号、4-5号两组。从遗存现状看,诸塔塔身呈铃形,平头粗大,未见塔刹;塔表绘有壁画,塔基部分在仰覆莲座图案周边表现护法神;塔身则绘成行小佛像,根据数量与尚存的题记推测为贤劫千佛。诸塔中1号塔保存相对较好,画风流行于13—14世纪,在千佛行列之前还表现半行上师小像。根据上师形像、序列可判断为噶举派传承,由整体构图以及建筑遗存可进一步推测塔群为高僧灵塔,当地传说更明确指向叶巴噶举。此处艺术遗存有助于更充分地展示澜沧江流域的文化以及早期噶举派艺术的风貌与蕴涵。

Located in Dzato County( Yushu Prefecture,Qinghai Province),the Kyiré gon stūpa group( Tib.s Kyid re’i dgon gseb mchod rten,aka dPal nge gzhung) has been designated as a provincial cultural heritage site. According to the positional relationship,the surviving stūpas can be divided into two groups,nos. 1-3 and 4-5. They are characterized by bell-shaped vase,broad harmikā( Tib. bre) without any pinnacle,and the mural covering the exterior surface. The pedestals were decorated mainly with double-lotuses and tutelary deities in lotus scrolls;the vases,rows of highly similar small images depicting seated Buddhas who are believed to be the Thousand Buddhas of the bhadrakalpa owing to their quantity and the extant Tibetan inscriptions. Stūpa 1,in relatively good condition and in a style popular during the 13 th-14 th centuries,displays half a row of masters ahead of the Thousand Buddhas additionally. The figures with distinctive iconographic attributes in special sequence are reminiscent of the Kagyü lineage. The overall composition and the architectural features indicated that these stūpas should be the reliquary stūpas( Tib. gdung ’bum) of some patriarchs,who have been respected as the important figures of the Yelpa Kagyü lineage by the local oral tradition. These artistic remains help to adequately demonstrate the culture in the Lancang-Mekong basin as well as the aesthetic creations and religious implications of early art in Kagyü tradition.