拉康的精神分析伦理学:一种批判的姿态

Lacan’s Ethics of Psychoanalysis:A Critical Stance

精神分析伦理学是整个伦理学知识谱系中不可或缺的一环,也是文学伦理学批评的理论支撑之一。通过对亚里士多德、边沁、康德、萨德、弗洛伊德的伦理观进行清理和质疑,拉康敏锐看到,亚里士多德那种带有强烈等级属性的"善"不可能属于多数人,人们也无法如启蒙哲学家呼吁的那样"爱邻犹爱己"。精神分析的伦理要求主体遵从自身欲望,而主体欲望来自于体现为象征秩序的大他者的欲望。虽然囿于认知局限,拉康从未从社会、历史、文化的角度对伦理的内容进行过填充,但他却撼动了此前西方几乎所有关于善的认知。貌似空洞的精神分析伦理学,实则将某种对传统伦理思想进行全面重审、修正、甚至颠覆的诉求铭刻到了自身的内在逻辑之中。这种否定的动因恰如其分地呈现了精神分析伦理学的批判姿态,批判的目标乃是权力话语之下的主人伦理和宣称为了所有人福祉的虚伪道德。

The ethics of psychoanalysis is both an indispensable branch of ethical knowledge and one of the theoretical bearing points of Ethical Literary Criticism.While combing through and questioning the ethical concepts of Aristotle,Bentham,Kant,Sade,and Freud,Lacan keenly realized that Aristotle’s"Goodness"with strong hierarchical attributes could not belong to the majority of people and,therefore,they would not be able"to love one’s neighbor as oneself"as Enlightenment philosophers called for.The ethics of psychoanalysis requires a subject to obey his own desire,which originates from the desire of the Other represented as a symbolic order.Due to his cognitive limitation,Lacan never supplemented any ethical content from social,historical,and cultural perspectives,but he shook up almost all previous cognitions about the Good.The ethics of psychoanalysis,though seemingly hollow,actually engraves a certain demand for a comprehensive review,amendment,and even subversion of traditional ethics into its own internal logic.The dynamics of this negation appropriately presents a critical posture for the ethics of psychoanalysis,targeting the master’s ethics under the power discourse and the hypocritical morality that claims to be for the welfare of all.