应对智能制造:德国高校专业课程的改革及启示——以慕尼黑工业大学和安贝格应用技术大学为例

Solutions to Intelligent Manufacturing:Reform and Enlightenment of Professional Courses in German Colleges and Universities——Taking Technical University of Munich and Amberg University of Applied Technology as Examples

智能制造催生产业链和职业岗位的重构,需要与之相应的人才。高校作为人才的供给侧,如何进行专业课程改革,培养满足智能制造需要的人才,是亟待解决的问题。德国是最早提出"工业4.0"的国家,其高校在应对"工业4.0"的专业课程改革方面积累了丰富的经验。例如,研究型工业大学采取3阶段渐进式改革模式:第1阶段大工科,第2阶段活模块,第3阶段精方向,保证了工业研究型大学内在独立性与外在共生性之间的平衡和张力;应用技术大学采取增设新智能制造或相关专业的模式,新设专业具有理论课程系统化、实践与理论课程均衡化、专业及实践课程项目化等特征。借鉴德国经验,应对智能制造,中国高校应结合自身功能定位,采取不同的专业课程改革模式;加强项目课程开发;持续深化产教融合,创新推进行业企业参与高校专业课程改革机制。

Intelligent manufacturing promotes the restructuring of the industrial chain and occupational positions,which requires corresponding talents.As the supply side of talents in universities,how to reform professional courses and cultivate talents that meet the needs of intelligent manufacturing is a problem that needs to be solved urgently.Germany is the first country to propose industrial"4.0",and its universities have accumulated rich experience in professional curriculum reforms in response to industrial"4.0".For example,research-oriented industrial universities adopt a three-stage gradual reform model:the first stage of major engineering,the second phase of the active module,the third phase of the refined direction,to ensure the balance and tension between the internal independence and external symbiosis of the research-oriented industrial universities;university of applied technology adopts the model of adding new intelligent manufacturing or related majors.The majors have the characteristics of systematization of theoretical courses,balance of practical and theoretical courses,and projectization of professional and practical courses.To learn from German experience and respond to intelligent manufacturing,Chinese universities should adopt different professional curriculum reform models based on their own functional positioning;strengthen project curriculum development;continue to deepen the integration of production and education,and innovate and promote the participation of industry enterprises in the reform mechanism of college professional curriculum.