Rapid, continuous projection multi-photon 3D printing enabled by spatiotemporal focusing of femtosecond pulses

There is demand for scaling up 3D printing throughput,especially for the multi-photon 3D printing process that provides sub-micrometer structuring capabilities required in diverse fields.In this work,high-speed projection multiphoton printing is combined with spatiotemporal focusing for fabrication of 3D structures in a rapid,layer-by-layer,and continuous manner.Spatiotemporal focusing confines printing to thin layers,thereby achieving print thicknesses on the micron and sub-micron scale.Through projection of dynamically varying patterns with no pause between patterns,a continuous fabrication process is established.A numerical model for computing spatiotemporal focusing and imaging is also presented which is verified by optical imaging and printing results.Complex 3D structures with smooth features are fabricated,with millimeter scale printing realized at a rate above 10−3 mm3 s−1.This method is further scalable,indicating its potential to make fabrications of 3D structures with micro/nanoscale features in a practical time scale a reality.