论“家庭本位”与“个人主义”兼容之可能进路——以先秦儒家“报”伦理为视角

One Possible Approach of Combing“Family Orientation”and“Individualism”:A Perspective of the Ethic of“Requital”in the Pre-Qin Confucianism

当代中国正处于“半陌生人社会”的形态之中,对此注重家庭伦理的儒家传统需要作出理论回应,以期能够调适“家庭本位”与“个人主义”的紧张关系。大要而言,作为“礼”之根本精神与思想渊薮的“仁义”可以充当整合“家庭本位”与“个人主义”的理论框架:体现“理”并被要求“合于众适”的“义”能够接榫“个人主义”,从而与源发于血缘关系、维系家庭伦理的“仁”(“亲亲”)相反相成,建构面向未来的“礼”即社会秩序。不过,儒家传统“义”的内涵主要是等级制度下的“贵贵尊尊”,与现代权利个体的平等、公正诉求相左,必须予以重构。对此“报”伦理(尤其是“以怨报怨”)适足以作为重构的理论基点与价值基础:一方面,前道德的“以怨报怨”可以促进“对等”甚至是“平等”观念的生成,从而引入“他者”视角,校正儒家传统对道德主体性的偏重而伸张“主体间性”;另一方面,“以怨报怨”所蕴含的“互换性”要求可以作为衡定既有的或未来生成的道德规范、社会制度之合理性与正当性的规尺与准绳。当下中国的社会形态、价值观念与伦理规范正处于多元冲突与整合之中,“报”伦理所蕴含的“平等性”与“互换性”可以补充儒家“金律”之不足,并为伦理调适与秩序重建提供内生动力。

As China being in the form of semi-stranger society,Confucianism which focuses on family ethics should react to the situation and try to adjust the relation between family orientation and individualism.Generally speaking,the structure of benevolence and righteousness which are the fundamental spirit and original thought of rituals can be the framework to integrate family orientation and individualism.The reconstructed righteousness which demands comforting most people can pick accuracy in individualism and cooperate with benevolence which origins from blood relation to establish a new social order.Thus,the ethic of requital can work as the theoretical basis points and value basis of righteousness and supplement the ethics of Golden Rule.On the one hand,requite injury with injury will help promote the conception of equality and intersubjectivity.On the other hand,requite injury with injury will ask for interconvertibility to measure the rationality and legitimacy of moral rule and social institution in the future.