论作为行为之理由的规范

Norms as the Reason of Actions

行为的理由是用于证明、阐释行为合理性的依据,也是使得行为具有合理性的原因。在行为的诸多理由中,规范乃是最常见也最具说服力者。当行为处于规范所关涉的情境之中,并且与规范所指示的行为类型相符合时,规范就能够成为证明该行为合理性的理由。在判定行为合理性的时候,人们往往会首先使用对具体情境和行为模式界定较为明确的“规则”;在没有“规则”可依据的情况下,则会考虑采纳一般性的“原则”。在通常状况下,个体愿意服从社会的要求,将规范作为行为优先的和排他性的理由,这是因为规范要么是权威意志的体现,要么是由强制力保障而实施,又或者是按照规范而行动已经成为生活习惯。社会群体之所以对个体有这样的要求,也是因为规范不仅是社会活动的构成性要素,而且是社会共同体稳定发挥作用的保证。理想的社会规范应是共同利益和特殊利益协调一致、彼此交融的体现。

Reasons are used to prove or justify actions and also the cause of the rationality of actions.Among amount of reasons of actions,norms are the most common and convincing types.Norms can be used to prove the rationality of an action,when it is among the context of norms concerned and consistent with the type of behavior required.When judging the rationality of actions,people always try to use rules first which define the clear context and types of behavior.But when rules absent,general principles will be adopted.Under ideal conditions,individuals will admit that norms as reasons tend to have the features of priority and exclusiveness,because norms reflect the will of the authority or carried out by the security force or people have already been used to living in accordance with the norms.And the reason why social communities have such demands on individuals is that norms are not only the constituent elements of social activities,but also the guarantee for social communities to be stably effective.The ideal social norms are the embodiment of mutual coordination and integration of common interests and special interests.