基于SWAT模型的喀斯特流域产流特征对石漠化治理措施的响应

Response of Runoff Characteristics of Karst Watershed to Rocky Desertification Control Measures Based on SWAT Model

为探讨适合于西南喀斯特地区石漠化治理的有效生物措施,以典型喀斯特流域——打邦河为研究区,以SWAT模型模拟为基本研究手段,以打邦河流域黄果树水文站、高车水文站连续多年实测水文数据作为基础率定资料,设置6种石漠化治理措施情景,分别模拟各治理措施的产流特征,从产流特征探讨不同措施的生态效益。结果表明:(1)率定期(2008—2013年)黄果树水文站R^(2)=0.86,NSE=0.77,高车水文站R^(2)=0.76,NSE=0.63;验证期(2014—2018年)黄果树水文站R^(2)=0.79,NSE=0.57,高车水文站R^(2)=0.75,NSE=0.54,均符合模型的评价标准,表明SWAT模型在打邦河流域具有较好的适用性;(2)坡度15°以上有林地、经济林和牧草地较坡耕地蓄水截流效果较好。坡度15°~25°,以及25°以上,蓄水截流效果均表现为经济林>牧草地>有林地;(3)经济林+牧草地措施一方面可以有效缓解打邦河流域工程性缺水的问题,另一方面基于潜在的经济效益,优化调整当地坡耕地种植结构,可实现区域农业可持续发展。结果可为西南喀斯特地区石漠化治理、生态恢复和乡村振兴提供理论参考,对促进喀斯特流域社会经济可持续发展具有一定的参考意义。

In order to explore the effective biological measures suitable for the control of rocky desertification in karst area of Southwest China,the Dabang River,a typical karst basin,was taken as the research area.Using the SWAT model simulation method,the long-term measured hydrological data from the Huangguoshu and Gaoche hydrological stations were used for calibration.Totally six scenarios of rocky desertification control measures were set up to simulate the runoff generation characteristics.And finally,the ecological benefits of different measures were discussed.The results showed that:(1)In the calibration period(2008—2013),as for Huangguoshu hydrological station,R^(2)=0.86,NSE=0.77,while for Gaoche hydrological station,R^(2)=0.76,NSE=0.63;and during the verification period(2014—2018),the R^(2) of Huangguoshu hydrological station was 0.79,NSE was 0.57,while the R2 of Gaoche hydrological station was 0.75,NSE was 0.54,which all met the evaluation criteria of the model,indicating that SWAT model had good applicability in Dabang River Basin.(2)When the slope was greater than 15°,the effects of water storage and interception of woodland,economic forest and grass land were better than that of farmland.When the slope was between 15°and 25°,and above 25°,the effects of water storage and interception were:economic forest>grassland>woodland.(3)On the one hand,the economic forest+grassland measure could effectively alleviate the problem of engineering water shortage in Dabang River Basin;on the other hand,based on the potential economic benefits,optimizing and adjusting the planting structure of local farmland could realize the sustainable development of regional agriculture.These results could provide theoretical reference for rocky desertification control,ecological restoration and Rural Revitalization in southwest karst area,and have certain reference significance for promoting social and economic sustainable development of karst basin.