中国现实主义外交思想传统论析——以纵横家的理论与实践为例

The Traditional Roots of Chinese Realist Diplomatic Thought:the Theory and Practice of Political Strategists in Eastern Zhou Dynasty

在西方外交理论的强势话语下,有中国特色的外交理论亟待突破。近年来,学界已触及纵横家的外交思想。尤其是道义现实主义对东周时期霸权含义的重释,开启了具有中国思想传承的崭新国际政治理论范式。实际上,东周分为春秋、战国两个时期。春秋五霸道义与利益并举、实力与合法性并用、注重秩序的非零和博弈同战国时期列国兼并中以利益、实力为先,视道义为个别国家的纯粹工具、注重利益关系建构活动的零和博弈呈现出道义现实主义的高低两种形态。战国时期纵横家的利益现实主义可谓道义现实主义的基本起点。目前,对论证纵横家理论的《鬼谷子》的分析,以及对记录纵横家实践的《战国策》的整理都还不够。尤其是纵横家以"阴""阳"为"害""利",以"言象事比"语义学为辞令,以"揣情""量权"为主客观依据,以"内揵""抵巇"的利益关系为依据的外交策略尚未被论及。基于对《鬼谷子》的哲学分析,结合对《战国策》案例的全面整理与详细分类,本文努力探究纵横家利益现实主义的外交思想与实践,将其与西方传统现实主义进行对比,阐释其作为道义现实主义初级形态的地位并且分析其当代借鉴,希望能抛转引玉,有裨现实。

Given the dominance of Western diplomatic theories,it is urgent to for China to make theoretical innovations in this regard.In recent years,researchers have begun to study the diplomatic thoughts of political strategists in ancient China.In particular,the reinterpretation by moral realism of the concept of hegemony in Eastern Zhou Dynasty has introduced a new paradigm of international political theory that builds on China’s traditional thought.In fact,in the two periods that make up the Eastern Zhou Dynasty—the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period,two strands of moral realism were developed.In the Spring and Autumn period when the Five Hegemons were predominant,there emerged a non-zero sum game thinking that stresses both morality and interests,values both power and legitimacy,and focuses on order.By contrast in the Warring States period,the zero-sum thinking that was developed privileges interests and power,reduces morality to a tool in the service of national interests,and focuses on interest-based relations rather than international order.They represent the low and high ends of moral realism.The interest-based realism of political strategists,prominent in the Warring States period,can be recognized as the basic starting point of moral realism.At present,there is insufficient attention to the analysis of Gui Guzi(鬼谷子)which systematizes the theory of the strategists,and the Intrigues of Warring States(战国策)which records the practice of the strategists.What current scholarship has ignored includes the interpretation of"yin"(阴)and"yang"(阳)as"harm"(害)and"benefit"(利),the semantic elaboration of the idea that"All spoken words(yan言)represent images(象)of things while all things(事)are comparable(比),"the adoption of"weighing feelings or the situation"(揣情)and"measuring power and capacity"(量权)as subjective and objective investigation methods,and finally the consideration of interest-based relations of“internal affinity”(内揵)and“fissure/conflicts”(抵巇).Based on the philosophical analysis of Gui Guzi,along with the comprehensive analysis and detailed classification of the cases in Intrigues of Warring States,this article seeks to identify both works as the starting point of moral realism by analyzing the diplomatic thought and practice of interest-based realism,comparing it with traditional realism in the West.It also analyzes the theory’s contemporary implications in the hope that it may offer helpful suggestions for practice.