俄国之于中国的意义与俄苏问题研究方法

The Significance of Russia to China and Methodological Issues in Russian/Soviet Studies

俄国对于中国的影响是全方位、大纵深、长时段的。但与此同时,中国对于俄国、苏联问题的研究却是相对滞后的,中国人对俄苏对于中国影响的认知是相对肤浅的。在世界处于百年未有之大变局的当下,厘清俄国之于中国的意义、总结中国俄苏问题研究的进展与不足、改进和提升中国俄苏问题的研究方法,对于学术的进步、知识的积累与传承以及在外交实践中更好地维护和拓展中国国家利益都具有重要意义。本文从剖析四百年来俄国之于中国的影响和意义入手,回顾总结了中国俄苏问题研究的主要历程、取得的成绩以及存在的不足,并从多个方面提出了深化中国俄苏研究的方法论选项:要将中俄关系置于由历史发展、国际比较、中国利益三个坐标轴共同组成的立体空间中加以审视;要打破学科界限,合理利用不同学科的范式、理论与方法,实现跨学科的研究;要突破学科内部不同研究方向的界限,做到"既专又通";要实现历史研究与现实研究的融会贯通,在现实关照中回顾历史,在历史背景下把握现实;要广泛借鉴俄苏研究的世界经验,实现俄苏问题研究的不断创新。

Although Russia’s influence on China is omni-directional,deep and long-term,China’s research on Russia and the Soviet Union is relatively underdeveloped,and our understanding of the Russian/Soviet influence on China needs to be deepened.At a time when the world is experiencing unprecedented changes unseen in a century,it is important to clarify the significance of Russia for China,take stock of the Russian/Soviet studies in China so that we improve our research methods in this area.This exercise is meaningful not only for facilitating academic progress and knowledge accumulation,but also for better protection of China’s national interests in its diplomatic practice.Starting from an analysis of the influence and significance of Russia on China in the past 400 years,this paper reviews and summarizes the main course,achievements and shortcomings of the study on Russia and the Soviet Union in China.It makes a number of methodological suggestions for how to deepen the study of Russia and the Soviet Union in China:(a)the analysis of the China-Russia relationship must be examined on a three-dimensional coordinate system consisting of historical evolution,international comparison and Chinese interests;(b)an interdisciplinary approach should be employed whereby disciplinary boundaries will be crossed to allow for the use of the paradigms,theories and methods from other disciplines;(c)intra-disciplinary boundaries should also be broken so that researchers can be both specialists and generalists at the same time;(d)the integration of historical and practical analysis is needed so that historical reviews can serve practical purposes while the practical side of the issue must be interpreted against the historical background,and(e)it is necessary to learn from Russian/Soviet studies from other parts of the world and make constant progress in this field.