冯德尔历史剧《崇祯》:17世纪欧洲天主教视野下的明清鼎革

Vondel’s Historical Play Zungchin:The Ming-Qing Transition in the Perspective of 17th-Century European Catholicism

《崇祯》是17世纪荷兰伟大诗人及剧作家冯德尔唯一取材于中国的戏剧,因真实且及时地反映明朝末代皇帝崇祯的破家亡国悲剧而被称为欧洲第一部“中国风”文学作品。但由于资料匮乏、语言壁垒等原因,国内学界迄今鲜有学者关注到此人、此剧。细读剧本,结合冯德尔的人际交往及宗教信仰,不难发现卫匡国《鞑靼战纪》及东印度公司涉华报告是其主要素材来源。冯氏以古典主义悲剧的创作手法想象与演绎崇祯之死和明朝覆灭,尽管带有浓重的天主教神学观,却形象地彰显了西方世界对中国的好奇及这部戏剧在荷兰产生的时代必然性。

Among all the works of Vondel,the 17th-century great Dutch poet and playwright,Zungchin is the only play based on China.Because of its truthful and timely representation of Emperor Zungchin,the last emperor of Ming dynasty and his tragic downfall,it is viewed as the first Chinoiserie literary work in Europe.However,due to the lack of material as well as the language barrier,few scholars in China have paid attention to Vondel or Zungchin.Through reading the playscript carefully,with combination of Vondel’s interpersonal relationship and his religious beliefs,it is not difficult to find that Martino Martini’s Bul⁃lum Tartaricum of the Conquest of the Great and Most Renowned Empire of China and the East India Company’s China-related re⁃ports are the main material sources of Zungchin.Vondel imagined and interpreted the death of Zungchin and the fall of the Ming Dynasty with a classically tragic creative approach.Despite its strong Catholic theology,the play vividly demonstrated the curiosi⁃ty of the Western world towards China and its inevitability produced in the Netherlands.