塑造CSCL情境下的学习者交互:脚本理论及其研究综述

Shaping Learners’Interaction in CSCL Settings:Script Theory and a Review of Its Research

如何塑造学习者之间的交互方式以促进其在CSCL情境下的认知过程一直是教育研究者所关注的话题。基于大量实证研究所提出的脚本理论可为理解CSCL情境下学习者间的交互提供连贯统一的理论视角。具体来看,脚本理论包括两大要素、四大组件和七大原则。两大要素是指内部协作脚本与外部协作脚本两种脚本类型;四大组件则从脚本设计粒度细化出发,划分为剧本、场景、角色和小脚本四个层次;七大原则包括内部脚本引导原则、内部脚本配置原则、内部脚本感应原则、内部脚本重构原则、交换原则、外部脚本引导原则和外部脚本最优级原则。脚本理论可全面呈现学习者内部协作脚本如何与学习环境相互作用,内部协作脚本对协作过程的影响以及外部协作脚本对协作过程的影响。在后续研究中,有三方面内容值得关注:一是如何实现对内部协作脚本的及时诊断;二是外部协作脚本的双面性;三是如何为学习者创造有益性失败。

How to facilitate cognitive processes of collaborative learning by shaping the way learners interact with each other in computer-supported collaborative learning(CSCL)settings has been widely concerned by educational researchers.Script theory grounded on a large number of empirical studies provides a coherent theoretical account of learners’interaction in CSCL settings.Specifically,script theory includes two main factors,four script components and seven principles.The two factors refer to two types of script,internal collaboration scripts and external collaboration scripts.The four components are divided into four levels,namely play,scene,role and scriptlet,based on the refinement of script design granularity.The seven principles include internal script guidance principle,internal script configuration principle,internal script indication principle,internal script reconfiguration principle,transactivity principle,external script guidance principle,optimal external script level principle.Script theory can fully illustrate the relationship between internal scripts and the learning environment,the relationship between internal collaboration scripts and the collaboration process,and the relationship between external scripts and the collaboration process.There are three issues that need to be studied in the future.The first one is how to diagnose timely internal collaboration scripts;the second one is the two-sidedness of external collaboration scripts;and the third one is how to create productive failure for learners.