从“生育成本约束”到“幸福价值导向”——城市“70后”“80后”和“90后”的生育观变迁

From“Fertility Cost Constraint”to“Happiness Value Orientation”:The Changes of the Fertility Concept of the Urban“Post-70s”,“Post-80s”and“Post-90s”

采用半结构式深度访谈法探讨了城市“70后”“80后”和“90后”的生育观特征及其代际差异。研究发现:“70后”的生育观较为传统,存在男性偏好;“80后”逐步脱离传统生育价值体系的束缚,男性偏好降低,生育数量以及对子女效用的功利性需求减少,情感性需求增加,注重孩子教养;“90后”更加重视生育中的幸福体验和自我价值实现,生育不再是职责,而是以经济独立和个性发展为基础的个体化选择;对于二孩选择,经济压力和教养负担是三代人均面临的问题,但“70后”主要是年龄和成本约束下的被迫放弃,“90后”则更多是基于个人事业发展、生活质量和幸福需求的主动放弃。综上,在“生育成本约束驱动阶段”之后,生育观变迁存在一个内生型的“幸福价值导向驱动阶段”。因此,生育观的教育和宣传应当挖掘传统生育文化中积极合理的因素,从个体和家庭立场出发强调生育带给育龄人口的幸福感,重塑生育对于育龄人口及其家庭的意义;同时,政府应加强针对高龄产妇的医疗服务保障,提供优质而公平的教育和医疗资源,采取支持工作—家庭平衡和生育福利的家庭支持政策,以此降低育龄人口的生育和教养成本,满足他们科学抚育和获取优质教养资源的需求,从而行之有效地“助推”生育意愿。

Based on internal fertility motivation and external environmental factors,this study explores fertility concepts and inter-generational differences between the“post-1970s”,“post-1980s”and“post-1990s”urban people by using semi-structured in-depth interviews.The results show that:the“post-1970s”generation took“male preference”,which was more traditional in terms of fertility;the“post-1980s”gradually got rid of the traditional fertility value system by reducing the utilitarian demand for the number of births,“pursuance of boys”and the utility of children,while boosting the needs of emotionality and focusing on children’s upbringing;and the“post-1990s”paid more attention to the subjective experience of happiness and realization of self-value in terms of fertility,which was no longer a duty,but an individualized choice based on economic and personal independence.The second-child issues,economic pressures and upbringing burdens were among the problems faced by the three generations.The“post-1970s”mainly encountered forced give-up under the constraints in ages and costs,while the“post-1990s”were more active based on the quality of life and happiness needs to give up.On the basis of the above research results,this study proposed that following the“stage driven by fertility cost constraints”,there would be a stage driven by endogenous happiness value with changes in fertility concepts.Therefore,the education and publicity on the concept of fertility should explore the positive and reasonable factors from the traditional culture of procreation,emphasize the happiness of childbearing given to the childbearing-age population from the individual and family perspectives,and re-establish the significance of fertility for such population and their families.Meanwhile,the government should enhance medical services for geriatric pregnancy,provide high-quality and fair education and medical resources,and adopt family support policies for workfamily balance and fertility welfare,so as to reduce the cost of childbearing and education on the childbearing-age population.These measures would help satisfy their needs for scientific nurturing and access to high-quality education resources,finally“boosting”their fertility willingness effectively.