政策性农作物保险的生态环境效应研究

Study on the Ecological Environment Effects of Policy Crop Insurance

发展绿色农业已成为全球共识,通过对农业补贴等政策的调整引导农民发展绿色农业已成为各国农业发展的新趋势。相关研究表明,政策性农作物保险通过改变农户农业生产的预期收益,会引起对化肥、农药等农业生产资料投入行为的调整并对生态环境造成影响。文章基于对福建省稻农的调查数据,运用联立方程组模型对现行政策性农作物保险与农户农用化学品投入行为之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果显示,农户增加化肥的投入数量会提高其参保意愿,增加农药投入量会降低其参保意愿;相对于未参保的农户,农户参保后其单位面积化肥投入量增加了6.21%,而单位面积农药投入量降低了1.82%。再以农户耕地规模为分类标准,对政策性农作物保险制度与农户农用化学品投入行为的关系进行异质性检验,发现规模农户参保后其单位面积化肥投入量比普通农户降低了3.41%;在农药投入上,规模农户比普通农户降低了4.13%。据此,提出政策建议:应针对农户"低碳型"与"高碳型"农业生产技术实施差异化的补贴和保障方案,使政策性农作物保险的补贴和保障水平设计更精准化;应积极引导农户通过土地流转或土地托管等方式实施适度规模化经营,从而发挥政策性农作物保险制度潜在的生态环境效应;应建立政策性农作物保险利益诱导机制,引导农户选择环境友好型的农业生产行为。

The development of green agriculture has become a global consensus, and it has become a new trend in various countries, which guides farmers to develop green agriculture through the adjustment of agricultural subsidy policies. By changing the expected income of farmers, policy agricultural insurance will lead to the adjustment of their input behavior of fertilizer and pesticide, thus has an impact on the ecological environment. Based on the survey data of rice farmers in Fujian, this paper used simultaneous equations to empirically analyze the relationship between policy crop insurance and farmers agrochemical input behaviors. The results showed that, increasing fertilizer input would increase farmers’ insurance willingness, while increasing pesticide input would decrease their insurance willingness. Compared with the uninsured farmers, the insured farmers’ fertilizer input increased by 6.21%, while the pesticide input decreased by 1.82%. And then, based on the classification standard of farmers’ plowland scale, this paper makes a heterogeneity test on the relationship between the policy crop insurance and farmers’ agrochemical input behaviors. The results showed that, compared with the insured ordinary farmers, the insured scale farmers’ fertilizer input decreased by 3.41%, and the pesticide input decreased by 4.13%. Therefore,the differentiated subsidies and guarantee schemes should be implemented for farmers with "low carbon" and "high carbon" agricultural production technologies, so as to make the design of subsidy and guarantee of policy crop insurance more precise. Farmers should be actively guided to implement appropriate scale operation through land transfer or land trusteeship, so as to play the potential ecological environment effects of the policy crop insurance,and make the crop insurance become a kind of benefit inducing mechanism, so as to guide farmers to choose the environmental-friendly agricultural production.