明代岷州地区的民政治理与行政制度变迁

The Civil Politics and Administrative System Changes in Minzhou Area in Ming Dynasty

明初以降,明廷对岷州的民政治理经历了岷卫兼管、岷州建州、巩昌分辖的数次争论与转变,最终于嘉靖年间形成以抚民同知专管民政的治理格局,即岷州厅之雏形。洪武初年,明廷在整合藏边番族部落的基础上建立了岷州卫,藏区的番族部落也深深地嵌入岷州卫的军事与里甲系统,并引致地域社会番汉共处、军民杂居态势的形成。随着明中后期岷州卫军政控制的弱化,当地番汉、军民混杂的局面渐趋紊乱。嘉靖年间,各方官员就"岷州建州"与"巩昌分辖"产生争论,最终明廷基于行政成本、品级对等与番民社会的考量,增置岷州抚民同知管辖民政并促使当地形成卫所与州县系统分辖军民的州卫共治格局。面对蒙古部落移牧甘青,明廷放缓了岷州的"州县化"进程,同时立足于边地社会局势"以番固藩"",华夏边缘"借此得以维持。

From the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Ming court experienced several controversies and changes in the civil politics of Minzhou:Minwei concurrently management, Minzhou establishment, and Gongchang separate jurisdiction. Finally, in the Jiajing period, a governance system was formed to administer civil affairs with the common knowledge of the people. This pattern is the prototype of the Minzhou Hall. In the early years of Hongwu, Ming governance established the Minzhouwei on the basis of integrating the Fan tribes in Tibet. The Fan tribes in Tibetan areas were also deeply embedded in the military and Lijia system of Minzhouwei, and this led to the formation of a situation where the Fan and Han coexistd in the local society and the military and civilians lived together. With the weakening of the military and political control of the Minzhouwei in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the local Fanhan, military and civilian mixed situation gradually became disordered. During the Jiajing period, officials from various parties had disputes about"Minzhou Jianzhou"and"Gongchang’s separate jurisdiction". Eventually, based on administrative cost, grade equivalence, and Fanmin society considerations, the Ming court added Minzhou Fumintongzhi to govern civil affairs as well as to promote the formation of the local state wei-suo system and the state-county system under the jurisdiction of the military and civilians. Facing the migration of Mongolian tribes to the Gan-qingreas, the Ming government slowed down the process of"state and county"in Minzhou, at the same time, based on the social situation in the border areas,"Fan to consolidate the barriers", so that the"Chinese margin"was maintained.