莎士比亚《暴风雨》中的自然书写

Shakespeare’s Nature Writing in The Tempest

莎士比亚晚年传奇剧《暴风雨》把人类社会的冲突放在自然环境中审视,显示了他对人与自然关系的关照。如果我们用当代生态批评视角考察,不难发现莎士比亚在自然生态和超自然力量的塑造上展现了前瞻性的生态意识。研究以“自然”为切入点,探讨《暴风雨》中自然观的嬗变。《暴风雨》戏剧化地展现了几种文艺复兴时代共存的、相互矛盾的自然观,并勾勒了乌托邦式和谐生态图景,即自然、人性和社会生态三者的和谐统一,同时通过人物刻画批判了二元对立的人类中心主义的自然观。莎士比亚预见到了自我中心的人文主义者对自然的掠夺的未来危险,只是他的生态乌托邦带有明显的主观主义色彩。

Shakespeare’s late romance The Tempest demonstrates his concerns about the relationship between humans and nature by setting the conflicts of human society in the context of the natural environment.In contemporary eco-critical terms,his forward-looking ecological consciousness is exhibited in the depiction of natural forces and supernatural power.Focusing on Shakespeare’s nature writing,this paper examines the evolution of the late Renaissance conception of nature as seen in The Tempest,which dramatizes contradictory visions of the relationship between man and nature.While fictionalizing a Utopian picture of harmony,in which nature,humanity,and social ecology are compatible,the play critiques the anthropocentrism view of nature,binary opposition of humanity and nature,through the portrayal of the major characters.Shakespeare thus foresees the future threat of selfish humanist exploitation of nature,but his indication of an ecological Utopia is idealistic.