从英主到昏君:明英宗形象嬗变探析--兼论“清廷诋毁明朝说”

From Wise Emperor to Fatuous Emperor:The Image Change of Ming Yingzong--A Debate on the Opinion of Qing Dynasty Smearing Ming Dynasty

明英宗在明清史籍中的形象经历了从英主到中主再到昏君的变迁历程。《明英宗实录》将英宗塑造成近乎尽善尽美的英主。明中后期私修史书将英宗重塑为功过参半的中主,该评价模式一直持续到清前期。乾隆朝官修史书最终将英宗形象定型为始终昏聩、大权旁落的昏君。英宗形象嬗变的主要推动力是不同修史主体的政治需要。基于维护皇权的需要,清廷对明朝皇帝既有赞美也有批评,所谓清廷为抬高自身而刻意诋毁明朝的观点是值得商榷的。

The image of Ming Yingzong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties experienced the transition from wise emperor to mediocre monarch to fatuous emperor.The Ming Ying Zong Shi Lu shaped the image of Yingzong into an almost perfect wise emperor.In the late Ming Dynasty,private history books remade the image of Yingzong as the mediocre emperor,which lasted until the early Qing Dynasty.The official history books of Qian-long Dynasty finally characterized the image of Yingzong as a fatuous emperor.The basic reason of the deterioration of image of Ming Yingzong is objective facts,and its main driving force is political needs of different historical subjects.Based on the need to maintain imperial power,the Qing court criticized or praised Ming emperors.The so called opinion that the Qing court deliberately discredited the Ming Dynasty in order to promote itself is questionable.