“封船打差”:第二次国共内战时期赣北区的田粮运输——以都昌县档案为中心

Compulsory Expropriation of Civil Ships for Official Use:The Grain Transportation in Ganbei Area,Jiangxi Province

自1941年国民政府推行田赋征实政策起,大批量赋谷的调运就成为了政府必须面对的一个重大难题。在广大的南方地区,田粮赋谷主要依靠水上运输。为了维持田粮运输的顺畅运行,国民政府在国统区推行"封船打差",强制征雇民船为其运输田粮赋谷与军事物资。在"封船打差"的地方运作过程中,船只征雇秩序的混乱,经办人员的敲诈勒索,船户的逃避承差等,都使得都昌县政府难以按期完成征雇任务,田粮运输也因此大受影响。而在"封船打差"的背后,水上保甲并没有起到当时设计者预期的管理船民和征雇船只的作用。国民政府对于水域社会的有限控制,其实是处于一种相对虚弱的状态。国家的力量难以有效渗透到水域社会,是"封船打差"政策难以推行的重要原因之一。

Since the Kuomintang Government implemented the policy of"Land Tax collect in kind"(Tianfuzhengshi)in 1941,the large-scale transfer of Land tax has become a major problem that the government have to face.In the vast southern regions,much of grains are mainly transported by water.In order to maintain the smooth operation of grain transportation,the Kuomintang Government carried out the policy of compulsory expropriation of civil ships for official use in the ruling area.In the local operation of compulsory expropriation of civil ships,the chaos of the hiring order of the ships,the extortion and extortion of the management personnel,the escape of the shipowners,etc.,all made it difficult for the Duchang County government to complete the expropriation task on schedule.However,behind this policy,Baojia system on the water(a household registration system with military administration)did not play the role of managing the boat people and hiring the boat as the designers expected.The Kuomintang Government’s limited control over water society was in fact a relatively weak state.Moreover,the inability of the state to effectively penetrate the water society is one of the main reasons why compulsory expropriation of civil ships for official use policy was difficult to carry out.