人工智能应用、人机协作与劳动生产率

Artificial Intelligence Application,Human-machine Collaboration and Labor Productivity

文章通过引入人机匹配度拓展任务模型,基于中国劳动力动态调查数据,从理论和实证上探究人工智能应用对劳动生产率的影响及人机协作扮演的重要角色。研究发现:(1)人工智能应用对劳动生产率的影响呈先升后降的倒U形关系,人工智能的适度应用有利于提升劳动生产率,但过度应用会因人机不匹配而引发劳动生产率损失。(2)劳动综合能力增强可提高人机匹配度,进而提升劳动生产率;并且劳动者的情绪稳定、社交、信任等非认知能力的增强能显著促进人工智能应用对劳动生产率的提升作用。(3)不同产业及岗位的人机协作对劳动能力存在差异化偏好,其中第一和第二产业人机协作偏好劳动者具备认知能力,而第三产业偏好非认知能力;常规和非脑力岗位偏好认知能力,非常规和脑力岗位偏好非认知能力。文章认为,需要合理规划人工智能的应用范围和程度,重视劳动者非认知能力的培养,以提高劳动生产率,促进更充分更高质量就业。

By introducing the degree of matching between human and machine into expand task-based model,based on data from China Labor-force Dynamics Survey,this paper theoretically and empirically explores the impact of artificial intelligence application on labor productivity and the important role of human-machine collaboration.The research finds that:(1)the relationship between artificial intelligence application and labor productivity presents an inverted U-shaped curve that first rises and then falls.The appropriate application of artificial intelligence can improve labor productivity,but excessive application will cause labor efficiency losses due to human-machine mismatch.(2)The enhancement of labor synthetic ability can improve the match degree between human and machine,thereby increasing labor productivity.The enhancement of labor non-cognitive ability such as emotional stability,social and trust relative to cognitive ability can significantly promote the effect of artificial intelligence application on labor productivity.(3)Human-machine collaboration in different occupations and tasks has different preferences for labor abilities.The primary and secondary industries prefer workers with cognitive ability,while the tertiary industries prefer non-cognitive ability.Human-machine collaboration in professional and technical occupations prefers both cognitive and non-cognitive abilities,while that in service and production occupations prefers cognitive abilities.Routine and non-mental tasks prefer cognitive abilities,but non-routine and mental tasks prefer non-cognitive abilities.The paper suggests that it should be necessary to rationally lay out the application scope of artificial intelligence and pay attention to cultivating non-cognitive abilities of workers in order to increase labor productivity and bring about more adequate and higher-quality employment.