日本早期社会主义运动的挫折——以幸德秋水的精英主义思想为线索

The Frustration of Socialism in Japan: A Study on the Syusui Koutoku’s Elitism

幸德秋水是从富有儒学涵养的自由民权左派人士成长为社会主义者的,故其左翼思想在早期阶段带有浓厚的议会政策主义与精英主义特质,不仅过于强调"仁人志士"等少数社会精英的历史作用,而且超然于人民群众之上,丢失了真正的革命主体。正是在此影响下,幸德的社会主义呈现出了"既反对资产阶级专政又拒绝无产阶级专政"的倾向,将德国社会民主党的思想主张作为社会主义的"正统信仰"而不断遭遇了挫折。在绝望彷徨之际他未能找到正确的斗争道路,转而走向了彻底否定议会、否定政府、否定一切权威的极端思想。但是这种"新变化"看似与无政府共产主义、无政府工团主义一致,实则相去甚远,且由于终究未能摆脱"仁人志士之精英主义"的根本影响而难以避免受挫的命运。

Syusui Koutoku was a left-wing liberal before becoming a socialist, so his socialist thought showed strong characteristics of Social Democracy and Elitism in early time, which emphasized the value of the social elites, ignored the people power, and lacked the real acting subjects. By these reasons, his socialism refused bourgeois dictatorship and the proletarian dictatorship at the same time, which was similar to the SPD(Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) and suffered several setbacks. After that, Koutoku’s thoughts went to extremes and started to deny all the importance of authority. But some differences still existed between his thoughts and Anarcho Communism, Anarcho Syndicalism. So his Elitist Socialism could not avoid its historical fate of failure.