基于体感温度的中国户外高温风险分布研究

Apparent Temperature-Based Outdoor Heat-Risk Distribution in China

采用657个气象站点2000~2019年气象数据和遥感数据,基于体感温度(Apparent Temperature)指数,以人体热舒适为基础综合考虑气温、湿度、风速和辐射这些气象因素来讨论中国暖季(5~10月)的户外高温风险的分布情况,制成1 km分辨率的户外高温风险地图。与以温度为单一指标的高温分类结果对比,基于体感温度的高温风险区划分的更详细,更符合人的热感知,将帮助易受潜在高温风险影响的户外工作者做好自身防护。结果表明:热风险等级和天数基本符合从南向北,从东向西递减的规律。全国热风险等级最高和热风险天数最长的地区是长江中下游和广东—广西—海南地区,热风险天数可达140 d以上;华北地区在100~120 d之间,北方地区出现热风险的天数在50~90 d之间。其次,各省的热风险等级在6月、7月、8月达到峰值。另外,新疆吐鲁番地区、西藏南部河谷这些地区在整个暖季都面临着不同等级的热风险,属于局部热点地区。本研究充分考虑了影响户外热舒适度的几个要素,划定的风险等级和区域可以为户外工作者提供高温避险指导,使其最大程度的免受高温带来的伤害。还可以为我国不同地区制定更详细的高温补贴措施提供科学依据。

In the context of global climate change,the frequent occurrence of heatwave events not only affects human production activities but also threatens personal safety.From the perspective of human health,this paper uses daily meteorological data of 657 weather stations and remote sensing data from 2000 to 2019 for discussing the distribution of outdoor heat risk during the warm season(May–October)in China based on the apparent temperature index,which considers air temperature,humidity,wind speed,and radiation.Then,the 1-km resolution outdoor heat-risk distribution is mapped.When the results were compared with the results of the high-temperature classification using temperature as a single indicator,it showed that the heat-risk zones based on the apparent temperature were more detailed and consistent with human thermal perception than the risk zones delineated by temperature alone.This will help more outdoor workers who are vulnerable to potential heat risks to anticipate and make better protective measures in advance.First,the heat-risk levels follow the pattern of decreasing from south to north and east to west,as does the number of thermal-risk days.Regions with the highest heat-risk level and longest thermal-risk days include the middle−lower Yangtze River,Guangdong,Guangxi,and Hainan Provinces,with heat-risk days possibly exceeding 140.The number of days with thermal risk ranges from 100-120 days in northern China and 50-90 days in the northern areas.Second,the thermal-risk levels in all provinces peaked in June-August.Moreover,high temperatures can occur locally,and the Turpan region of Xinjiang and the valley of southern Tibet experience different levels of thermal risk throughout the warm season.This study fully considers several elements that affect outdoor thermal comfort.Assigning risk levels can provide guidance to outdoor workers on heat avoidance to decrease their suffering from heat-related injuries.It can also provide a scientific basis for developing more detailed heat subsidy measures in different regions of China.