日本渔业共济保险制度探析

Study on the Fisheries and Aquaculture Mutual Insurance System of Japan

日本通过制定和实施《渔业灾害补偿法》及配套法规,建立了完善且具有日本特色的渔业共济保险制度。其渔业共济保险制度以渔业共济组合及其联合会为渔业保险的基本实施主体。都道府县渔业共济组合为渔业从业者提供渔业共济保险,全国渔业共济组合联合会为渔业共济组合提供渔业再共济保险。政府为渔业从业者提供部分共济保险费补贴,为渔业共济组合联合会提供保险,为渔业共济团体的事业实施提供行政管理和人事经费补助。政府还通过独立行政法人农林渔业信用基金为渔业共济组合及其联合会提供紧急贷款和债务保证担保。日本渔业共济保险事业由农林水产省负责监管,而非由金融保险监管机构监管。我国应制定专门的渔业互助保险立法,建立规范的渔业互助保险组织,政府应为渔业互助保险提供财政支持,建立我国渔业互助保险机构的融资机制。

With making the Fisheries Disaster Compensation Law and its enforcement order and regulations,Japan has established a perfect fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance system with Japanese characteristics.The Fisheries Mutual Insurance Associations(FMIAs)and their National Federation are the primary organizations to operate the fisheries and aquaculture insurance schemes of Japan.The prefecture level federations of FMIAs insure the Fisheries Co-operative Associations,while the National Federation of Fisheries Mutual Insurance Associations reinsures the FMIAs.Part of the National Federation of Fisheries Mutual Insurance Associations’reinsurance responsibility is reinsured by the government.The government subsidizes premiums for policyholders,also provides the FMIAs and the National Federation of FMIAs with a subsidy to cover the administrative and personnel expenses required to run the insurance programmes.As the Independent Administrative Legal Person,the Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries Credit Fund provides the FMIAs and the National Federation of FMIAs with emergency loans,meanwhile,guarantees their loans.Instead of the financial regulator,the Ministry of Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries of Japan regulates the fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance schemes.China should make the specialized fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance legislation,establish standardized fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance associations,support fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance financially,and establish financing mechanism for the fisheries and aquaculture mutual insurance associations of China.