乾隆前期湖南的职役与地方社会治理

On the Zhiyi and Local Social Governance in Hunan in the Early Qianlong Period

乾隆前期皇帝励精图治重视国家治理,以保甲为核心的地方社会职役得到推行与完善,行使各种职能,在治理地方社会中发挥着重要作用。地方社会职役在落实民生政策、解决社会问题方面受到官府重视。保甲的功能已然不是只管治安问题,而是协助官府治理地方。如何把握地方社会职役的权限,成为官府实践中遇到的重要问题。有的地方官府利用乡保协助处理民事诉讼,违反保甲条例,官府及时纠正。有的官员具有"隐私"观念,值得关注。湖南地方社会职役不仅在缉盗、治理私宰方面发挥作用,在治理溺婴、卖休以及自杀轻生方面也引人注目。湖南官府借助保甲等职役的地方社会治理,是清代国家治理中的重要实践,湖南民众的日常生活也被纳入国家治理的背景之下。

Emperor Qianlong claimed that the political ideal was the rule of three generations and the way of Yao and Shun, and the pursuit of a better life was the prosperous vision of national governance. In the early period of Qianlong reign, the emperor made great efforts to pay attention to national governance. The local Zhiyi with Baojia as the core were promoted and improved. They performed various functions and played an important role in the governance of local society. Local Zhiyi received the government’s attention in implementing people’s livelihood policies and solving social problems.Baojia’s function had no longer merely to manage public security issues, but to assist the government in managing localities. How to grasp the power of local Zhiyi had become an important problem encountered by the government in practice. Some local government officials used the Xiangbao to assist in handling civil affairs, which violated the Baojia regulations and the government promptly corrected them. Some officials had the concept of ‘privacy’ in mind, which are worthy of attention. Local Zhi Yi in Hunan not only played a role in anti-theft and anti-private slaughter, but also attracted attention in controlling activities such as infant drowning, selling and divorcing wives, and committing suicide.The social governance of the Hunan government with the help of Baojia and other Zhiyi was an important practice in national governance in the Qing Dynasty. Besides, the daily life of the people in Hunan was also brought into the context of national governance.