中国战胜农村贫困的百年实践探索与理论创新

China’s Century of Practical Exploration and Theoretical Innovation in Eliminating Rural Poverty

理解中国战胜农村贫困的百年实践,需立足中国农村发展的历史脉络;读懂中国特色减贫思想,需紧扣中国减贫的价值理念,把握中国减贫实践的历史逻辑、制度逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑。中国消除农村贫困主要经历了5个阶段,即初心与使命驱动下的革命式减贫阶段、制度保障下的救济式扶贫阶段、深化农村改革下的开发式扶贫、市场化导向下的培育内生动力减贫阶段,以及习近平新时代精准扶贫阶段。各历史阶段的减贫战略,在思想与理论上是一脉相承的,也是减贫理论与实践探索的融合、发展与创新。特别是党的十八大以来,形成了习近平新时代精准扶贫思想,既是历任中国共产党领导人减贫思想的继承与发展,也是在农村减贫实践探索中的重大创新,且与经济社会发展和国家重大战略需求相适应。中国消除绝对贫困、实现全面小康很大程度上依赖于农村深化改革和经济发展中的带动力量,但更重要的是探索出了融合"理论、理念、制度和机制"为一体的综合性减贫体系,即创新发展了中国特色的减贫理论,始终践行"以人民为中心"的理念指引,充分发挥了社会主义制度的政治优势,构建了"政府、市场和社会"多方联动的减贫机制,从而形成了值得国际社会尤其是发展中国家学习和借鉴的"中国智慧"。

In the early days of the founding of the Communist Party of China(CPC),farmers accounted for more than 80%of the national population,and become the main object of poverty governance.By 2020,China has eliminated absolute poverty,became the country with the largest poverty reduction population in the world and completed the poverty reduction goal set by the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in advance.This paper interprets ideological origin of the theory of overcoming rural poverty led by the CPC,and its global significance in poverty reduction.The rural poverty reduction in China has experienced five stages since the founding of the CPC:(1)From 1921 to 1948,driven by the original aspiration and mission of"seeking happiness for the people and development for the Chinese nation",China overthrew the feudal system which had exploited,oppressed and enslaved the people for a long time;(2)From 1949 to 1978,the Party led Chinese people to establish the socialist system,and adopted the relief phase of poverty alleviation to ensure the basic survival of the poor people;(3)From 1979 to 2000,driven by the Reform and Opening up,the Party led people to carry out a series of reforms in rural areas,such as the household contract responsibility system and development oriented poverty alleviation policy,which has effectively solving the food and clothing problem of the poor.(4)From 2001 to 2011,with the deepening of the opening up,the Chinese government implemented the poverty reduction strategy with the core of market orientation to foster the endogenous development impetus of the poor people;(5)From 2012 to 2020,the Chinese government has implemented a targeted poverty alleviation strategy(TPAS)focusing on increasing the income and improving the multi-dimensional welfare of the poor in education,medical care,health,housing and other aspects.The TPAS has put forward a variety of poverty alleviation measures,including spiritual and education poverty alleviation,and innovating the"blood-forming"poverty alleviation model through industry,finance and inhospitable areas.Poverty reduction strategies of each development stage are in the same line of thought and theory.In the perspective of practical exploration of the CPC,they are the integration and innovation of poverty reduction theory,which adopt to the major strategic needs of China.First,China absorbs and integrates the advanced theories of international poverty reduction,and develops the"pro-poverty"theory,which benefit to the poorest.Second,we always take"people-centered"as the concept and fundamental purpose,forming the main ideological pull of the centurial miracle of poverty reduction.Third,based on the Marxist theory of poverty,the CPC overturned the feudal land system,which removed the root of poverty and provided a solid institutional guarantee in rural China.Fourth,China’s development has formed a multi-party poverty reduction mechanism,"the government,the market and society",which built up a synergy in poverty reduction.The"four-in-one"theoretical system of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics do not play a role alone,but complement and develop with each other,and a globally significant wisdom of poverty reduction in China was formed,which proved the institutional superiority of the socialist system in eliminating absolute poverty.