江汉平原稻区16个水稻品种对氮肥的响应及其利用率差异

Response of 16 Rice Varieties to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in the Jianghan Plan Area

研究不同水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率对氮肥响应的差异,可以为实施差异化施肥提供依据。以江汉平原稻区16个主推水稻品种为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,研究了施氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响,比较了不同水稻品种对氮肥响应的差异。与不施氮肥(PK)相比,施氮处理(NPK)显著提高了水稻的产量和氮素吸收量,16个水稻品种增产量为882~3861 kg hm^(-2),增产率为9.7%~64.8%;氮肥贡献率8.92%~39.1%,农学效率4.5~19.8 kg kg^(-1) ,偏生产力35.3~56.6 kg kg^(-1) ,吸收利用率23.2%~59.9%,生理利用率11.8~52.3 kg kg^(-1);16个水稻品种可大致分为3种类型,其中黄华占、荃优822、荃优丝苗和徽两优898等4个品种为氮肥高效敏感型,主要表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率和吸收利用率较高;深两优3206、深两优828和泰优梦稻(两优S6)等3个品种为氮肥低效迟钝型,表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均较低;其他9个品种为中间型,对氮肥的响应介于高效敏感型和低效迟钝型之间。实际生产中,高效敏感型品种可维持本研究氮肥用量,通过优化氮肥运筹方式,进一步发挥氮肥的增产作用;低效迟钝型品种需适当降低氮肥用量,以获得较高的氮肥利用率,减轻过量施氮的负面影响;中间型品种的产量潜力较高,建议通过田间试验研究确定最佳氮肥用量,以同时实现水稻高产和氮肥的高效利用。

In this paper,the yield of 16 rice varieties and their nitrogen(N)use efficiency were studied so as to provide a basis for reasonable application of N fertilizer.The effects of N fertilizer application on rice yield and its components of 16 rice varieties,N uptake and N use efficiency were analyzed based on a field experiment in the Jianghan plain,Hubei Province.N fertilizer treatment(NPK)significantly increased the grain rice yield by 9.7%~64.8% compared with no N fertilizer treatment(PK).N contribution percentage(NCR)was 8.9%~39.1%,N agronomic efficiency(NAE)was 4.5~19.8 kg kg^(-1) ,partial factor productivity of applied N fertilizer(PEP_(N))was 35.3~56.6 kg kg^(-1) ,N recovery efficiency(NRE)was 23.2%~59.9%,and N physiological efficiency(NPE)was 11.8~52.3 kg kg^(-1) .The 16 rice varieties were roughly divided into three types.Huanghuazhan,Quanyou 822,Quanyousimiao and huiliangyou 898 were the efficient and sensitive to N fertilizer type,with the main characteristics of high NCR,NAE and NRE.Shenliangyou 3206,Shenliangyou 828 and Taiyoumengdao(Liangyou S6)were the low efficient and insensitive to N fertilizer type,with the characteristics of low NCR,NAE,NRE and NPE.The other 9 varieties were the intermediate type,and their response to N fertilizer was between the above 2 types.For the high efficiency and sensitive rice type,the application amount of N fertilizer in this study be suggested,and the applied amount of N fertilizer should be optimized to increase rice yield.For the low efficiency and insensitive rice type,N fertilization rate should be appropriately reduced in order to obtain high N use efficiency and minimize the negative impact of excessive N fertilizer application.The intermediate rice type had a high yield potential,and its optimal N fertilizer amount should be recommended by field experiments,so as to achieve both high yield of rice and high N use efficiency at the same time.