中国民法典中侵权责任的正当性论证

The Justification Basis of Tort in Chinese Civil Code

在中国民法典编纂过程中,侵权责任编背后的利益衡量和价值判断呈现多元论与一元论的激烈争论。这些争论的立法选择需要深入阐释特定时空下侵权责任的正当性基础。传统侵权责任以古典矫正正义为基础建构起一套独特的私法损害救济机制。该制度在现代社会遭遇分配正义理论和法律经济分析的强烈冲击,无力为无过错归责原则、责任保险和社会保障提供正当性解释,侵权责任多元正义观一度兴盛,冲击了民法内在的一致性逻辑体系。道德哲学家们重新阐释和发展矫正正义理论,为现代侵权责任建构统一的正当性基础。我国民法典侵权责任编明确现代矫正正义是唯一的正当性基础,但基于中国国情考虑,也保留和完善了高空抛物责任和公平补偿规则作为权宜性条款。

Tort Liability in Chinese Civil Code aims to ensure the realization of existing value system,with Rechtsordnung as its background.It is necessary to probe into the justification basis of tort liability.Traditional tort liability is the embodiment of the corrective justice.Since the 20 th century the traditional tort liability faces with unprecedented crisis with the arising of social security system insurance of the third party’s liability and no-fault liability.Distributive justice and Economic Analysis of Law criticized Tort Liability which base on corrective justice.Moral philosophers made a reinterpretation of corrective justice in order to set up a new justification basis of tort liability.