《庄子》视野下的德形关系——兼谈晚明的畸士文化

The Relationship between Virtue and Form from the Perspective of Zhuangzi:on the Jishi Culture in the Late Ming Dynasty

畸人是《庄子》中的重要人物类型,他们以“畸于人而牟于天”的形式存于世间,虽然形貌残缺,但德行高尚,能够忘形安命,渐成中国古代文人的精神追求。后世文士将畸人之德发展为畸士精神。以晚明为例,文人以畸人、畸士明其别号,互相揄扬,他们独行拔俗、文德出众,形成了独特的文学景观。晚明的畸士文化在继承《庄子》畸人书写的基础上,从畸人的无德之德发展为畸士的有德之德,呈现出更强的主观能动性和现实介入性。

The Jiren is an important character type in Zhuangzi.They exist in the world in the form of"being queer to people and equal to heaven".Although they are deformed in appearance,they are noble in virtue and reconciled to their lot,which has gradually become the spiritual pursuit of ancient Chinese scholars.Later scholars developed the virtue of Jiren into the Jishi spirit.Taking the late Ming Dynasty as an example,scholars praise each other for their different names of Jiren and Jishi.They are independent and outstanding in morality.Their attitude and behavior pattern are inherited from the Jiren in Zhuangzi,forming a unique literary landscape.On the basis of inheriting the writing of Jiren in Zhuangzi,the Jiren's virtue without virtue develops into the Jishi's virtue with virtue,showing stronger subjective initiative and realistic intervention.