共命运,同理想——论《漫评人生》中的精神共同体架构

Sharing a Common Destiny and a Common Ideal——On the framework of the spiritual community in El Criticón

西班牙作家巴塔萨尔·格拉西安在《漫评人生》中构建了一个他理想中的“精神共同体”。他首先从人的自然属性和社会属性两个方面论证了个体有共同的命运,继而从人类个体要成为完人、群体要共同对抗邪恶、追求永恒提出群体有共同的追求,最后再倡导为维持精神共同体的稳定,同一国家内的所有民众以及世界上的各个国家之间都应当遵循共同的原则。国家内的原则由倡导美德的教会、一心为民的主权者以及起社会表率作用的民众共同制定,而国家间则应当遵循和平共处、公平公正以及相互尊重的原则。尽管这套从个体、群体以及国家三个层面构建的“精神共同体”思想并不完美,但对今天事实上越来越共同体化的人类社会仍然有着重要的启示意义。

The Spanish writer Baltasar Gracián constructed his ideal of“spiritual community”in the novel El Criticón.He first demonstrated that individuals have a common destiny from both the natural and social attributes of human beings.Then he claimed that human beings have common pursuits since they individually want to be perfect and collectively want to fight against evil and pursue eternity.Finally,he proposed that all people in the same country as well as all countries around the world should follow the common principles for the maintenance of the stability of the spiritual community.The principles within a country should be jointly formulated by the Church that advocates virtue,the sovereign serving the people whole-heartedly,and those individuals playing exemplary roles in society.The countries should follow the principles of peace,fairness and mutual respect.Although this idea of“spiritual community”constructed upon the aspects of human individuals,human groups,and countries is not perfect,it still has important enlightening significance to human society which is actually becoming more and more integrated like a community.