脱细胞支架制备及其在组织工程和再生医学中的应用

Preparation and application of acellular scaffold in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

背景:用组织或器官脱细胞制成的生物支架已被成功应用于各种组织工程和再生医学。目的:综述脱细胞支架的制备方法及其在组织工程和再生医学中的作用和应用。方法:在PubMed、CNKI数据库中进行相关文献检索,以"decellularization,scaffold,extracellular matrix,tissue regeneration and repair"为英文检索词,以"脱细胞,支架,细胞外基质,组织再生修复"为中文检索词,通过阅读题目和摘要进行初步筛选,排除与文章主题不相关的文献,最终纳入66篇文献进行结果分析。结果与结论:通过物理、化学、生物方法对组织器官进行脱细胞后获得的脱细胞支架,可有效保留细胞外基质成分,无免疫原性,具有良好的生物相容性和机械性能,可促进细胞的黏附、增殖、迁移、分化,诱导组织修复,重建血管化、功能化的组织与器官。脱细胞支架在许多组织与器官(如心脏、肝脏、肾脏、肺、气管、皮肤和骨组织)的体外实验和短期体内实验中取得了理想的效果,提示脱细胞支架在组织再生与修复中发挥重要作用,具有较好的应用前景,但要投入临床使用还需更多的深入研究和探索。

BACKGROUND: Biological scaffolds made from tissue or organ decellularization have been successfully applied to various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. OBJECTIVE: To review the preparation methods of acellular scaffolds and their functions and applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.METHODS: Databases of PubMed and CNKI were retrieved with the key words of "decellularization, scaffold, extracellular matrix, tissue regeneration and repair" in English and Chinese. Subjects and abstracts were initially screened to exclude documents that were not related to the subject of the article, and finally 66 articles were included for result analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The decellularized scaffolds obtained by decellularizing tissues and organs through physical, chemical and biological methods can effectively retain the components of the extracellular matrix, are non-immunogenic, have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties, and can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation, induce tissue repair, and reconstruct vascularized and functional tissues and organs. Acellular scaffolds have achieved ideal results in vitro and short-term in vivo experiments of many tissues and organs, such as heart, liver, kidney, lung, trachea, skin and bone, indicating that acellular scaffolds play an important role in tissue regeneration and repair, and have good application prospects. However, to be put into clinical use, more in-depth research and exploration are needed.