清末滇南猛乌、乌得界务危机中的政府应对探析

On the Qing Government s Responses to the Territorial Crisis concerning Mengwu and Wude in Southern Yunnan in the Late Period of the Qing Dynasty

猛乌、乌得原为清朝普洱府辖地,资源丰富,战略位置重要,在清末法国殖民扩张的过程中,因清政府国力衰弱,在与英法等列强的冲突和博弈过程中,导致猛乌、乌得划归法属越南,最终成为今天老挝领土的一部分。清朝在猛乌、乌得界务危机中的应对和处置,是清末边疆危机和疆域变迁的一个缩影,反映了中国传统藩属体系在西方条约体系碰撞中的被迫转型,以及清朝边政、边吏、边民在这场社会变革中疆域观、夷夏观等治边理念和治边政策的近代化演进历程。

Mengwu and Wude were two areas with bountiful resources and particular strategic importance and were then under the jurisdiction of Pu er City of the Qing dynasty.The French colonial expansion in the late period of the Qing dynasty which was a weakening empire then and could not fight successfully against foreign powers represented by Great Britain and France made Mengwu and Wude the ceded?territory of Vietnam under the French rule and ultimately became a part of today s Lao PDR.The Qing government s responses to this territorial crisis exemplify its frontier crisis and territorial changes,reflect how China s traditional suzerain-vassal system was forced to change in its clashes with the international treaty system of the West,and mirror how the frontier governance concepts and policies,territorial concepts as well as the concepts of the relations between the Hans and ethnic minorities,as held and practiced by the local governments,officials,and residents,evolved in early modern times amid dramatic socio-historical changes.