公平责任司法适用的新发展

New Development of Judicial Application of Equitable Liability

公平责任历经《民法通则》第132条、《侵权责任法》第24条、《民法典》第1186条的发展,由一般裁判规则变为转致规范,以限制公平责任的适用。对于公平责任的司法适用,由起初的“滥用”到现在的“节制”,以确保公众的行为自由,践行公平责任所蕴含的正义理念,但公平责任仍有其独立价值与适用空间。以公平责任的变迁、适用条件、适用状况为视角,明确公平责任严格适用的应然立场。在《民法典》实施的背景下,公平责任适用类型法定,法院可根据公平原则裁量案件,探索公平责任适用的新类型,为最高人民法院及时制定相关司法解释提供有力实践支撑。

Equitable liability has been developed through Article 132 of the General Rule of Civil Law,Article 24 of the Tort Liability Law,and Article 1186 of the Civil Code,and changed from general adjudication rules to transitive norms to limit the application of equitable liability.Meanwhile,the judicial application of equitable liability has changed from"abuse"at the beginning to"restraint"nowadays,in order to ensure the public's freedom of action and to practice the concept of justice embodied in equitable liability.However,equitable liability still has its independent value and application space.Taking the changes of equitable liability,the conditions of application,and the status of the application as the perspective,this paper clarifies the position of judicial application of equitable liability.In the context of the implementation of the Civil Code,the types of application of equitable liability are statutory,and the court can decide cases according to the principle of equity,explore new types of application of equitable liability,as well as provide strong practical support for the Supreme People's Court to formulate relevant judicial interpretation in time.