理解“Einfühlung”的四条进路——以利普斯为核心的考察

Four Approaches to Understanding Einfühlung——An Investigation with Theodor Lipps as Focus

从西方哲学史和思想史的演进历程来看,对"Einfühlung"的理解形成了四条基本进路:(1)同感美学;(2)同感心理学;(3)同感伦理学;(4)同感现象学。这四条进路并非外在并列的关系,而是内在地关联在一起。利普斯把同感分为审美同感和实践同感,前者导向的是同感美学,后者导向的则是同感心理学和同感伦理学。同感心理学和同感伦理学有一个共同的指向:他人。胡塞尔批判地继承了利普斯的同感概念,在实践同感的向度上构建了一门以他人问题为核心的同感现象学,但同感现象学仅限于认识论,而不涉及伦理学。利普斯把同感理解为自我的投射或移置,从根本上否认了他人的存在,从而也使其利他主义的伦理学陷入了悖论。胡塞尔在承认他人之绝对他异性和外在性的前提下,将同感理解为对他人及其体验的经验。虽然同感现象学也存在诸多问题,但其对同感之本质的理解具有相当的合理性,对于利普斯的同感理论可以起到必要的校正和纠偏作用。

Einfühlung is an important concept in aesthetics,psychology,ethics,and phenomenology.It is typically translated as共情,移情,移感,or同感among other forms in Chinese.The difference in its Chinese translations is rooted in differences in its usage,which in turn takes its root in the intellectual historical and hermeneutic tradition.From the perspective of Western philosophical and intellectual history,four basic approaches to the understanding of Einfühlung have been developed,namely,(1)Aesthetics of Empathy;(2)Psychology of Empathy;(3)Ethics of Empathy;and(4)Phenomenology of Empathy.These four approaches are not externally juxtaposed,but internally correlated.Lipps breaks empathy down into aesthetic empathy and practical empathy,with the former leading to Aesthetics of Empathy and the latter leading to Psychology of Empathy and Ethics of Empathy.Psychology of Empathy and Ethics of Empathy have a shared direction,namely,the Other or the alter ego.Husserl critically inherits Lipps’concept of empathy,and constructs Phenomenology of Empathy centering on the problem of the Other in the dimension of practical empathy,but Phenomenology of Empathy is limited only to epistemology,without involving ethics.Lipps takes empathy as the projection or transposition of the ego,and fundamentally denies the existence of the Other,thus making the ethics of altruism fall into a paradox.Acknowledging the absolute alterity and externality of the Other as a premise,Husserl takes empathy as the Erfahrung of the Other,and that of their Erlebnis.Although Phenomenology of Empathy also has certain problems,its understanding of the essence of empathy is quite reasonable,and it can play a necessary role in calibrating and correcting Lipps’theory of empathy.