治安学科何以成为治安科学--科学方法论与知识增长的关系反思

How Does Public Order Discipline Become Public Order Science?:Reflections on the Relationship between Scientific Methodology and Knowledge Growth

方法论是包括自然科学、社会科学在内的所有科学产生和发展的内在推动力,也是各学科知识增长并获得权威地位的核心要素之一。从外在社会建制来看,治安学科属于社会科学,要观照科学研究的标准,从研究问题确立、方法论选取、具体研究方法运用等方面来展现本学科的科学性,以完整的科学研究方法论体系促进治安学科的知识增长。借鉴社会科学的研究范式,治安学科的方法论体系架构包括建构主义的思辨研究、解释主义的思辨研究与实证研究以及实证主义的实证研究。当前治安学科研究范式过度倚重建构主义,造成方法论中思辨研究过多而实证研究不足,理论知识的增长逻辑与经验世界脱节,方法论体系在研究问题的选取、方法论构成与取向、研究方法的现实操作等方面存在不科学现象,距离真正意义的“治安科学”有很长的距离。未来治安学迈向“治安科学”的道路,需要以经验性的中层知识建构为目标导引,注重实证主义与解释主义研究范式的联结关系,促进实证研究与思辨研究的方法论嵌合,推动定性与定量实证因果机制分析的统合,力求实现知识增长的确定性和经验性,提高学科知识体系的现实意义指向性和公共对话能力。

Methodology is the driving force for the evolution of all sciences,and the core element for the growth of knowledge and gaining authority. As a social science,the discipline of public order promotes its knowledge growth by a complete system of research methods. Based on research paradigm of social science,the methodology system of public order discipline comprises constructivism,hermeneutics,and positivism. However,due to excessive emphasis on constructivist research,insufficient empirical research,the divorce of growth logic of theoretical knowledge from the empirical world,and the unscientific methodology system,public order discipline is far from being a "science". In the future,the evolution of public order discipline should focus on the middle-range empirical knowledge construction,the combination of positivism and hermeneutics,and the integration of qualitative and quantitative empirical causal mechanism analysis for the certainty and empiricism of knowledge growth and the practical significance and public dialogue ability of the subject knowledge system.