钱江源国家公园体制试点区生态系统服务权衡与协同分析

Ecosystem Services Trade-offs and Synergies in Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot

国家公园是国家生态安全的重要屏障,明晰生态系统服务权衡与协同关系特征是国家公园科学管理的基础。文章选择钱江源国家公园体制试点区,利用InVEST模型对2018年典型生态系统服务进行定量评估,通过方差分解与冗余分析阐明生态系统服务的影响因素,通过局部加权回归散点平滑与非线性拟合揭示生态系统服务权衡与协同特征。结果表明:(1)支持服务(碳储量与生境质量)与调节服务(水源涵养、土壤保持与大气净化)表现为核心保护区>生态保育区>传统利用区>游憩展示区,供给服务(产水量)则表现为游憩展示区>核心保护区>生态保育区>传统利用区。(2)栎类(Quercus)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、其他硬阔类等优势植被群落往往有利于支持与调节服务,但不利于供给服务,而耕地、油茶(Camellia oleifera)、建设用地等人为干扰严重的用地类型具有相反的作用。同时,植被、气候与土壤地形因素之间存在交互作用。(3)供给服务(产水量)与支持服务(碳储量与生境质量)或调节服务(水源涵养、土壤保持与大气净化)之间表现为弱权衡或无明显作用关系。调节服务与支持服务之间总体上呈现非线性的协同关系,其原因是驱动因素的复杂性,协同关系可以归纳为4类:凹协同、凸协同、S型协同与线性协同。(4)生态系统服务在整体上呈现协调与共赢局面,但生态系统服务权衡在局部区域仍然强烈。综合考虑6项生态系统服务关系,应重点调控游憩展示区、传统利用区与生态保育区的交错地区,加强原有植被保护,结合土壤地形条件,设计以优势植被类型为基质,其中镶嵌人工植被的景观格局。

The resources and ecological functions of national parks are important to national ecological security,and clarifying the trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services(ESs)are the basis for scientific management of national parks.We quantified the ESs in Qianjiangyuan National Park system pilot by using a specialized InVEST model,clarified the effects of ecological drivers on the ESs by variation partitioning and redundancy analysis,and explored trade-offs and synergies characteristic by locally weighted scatterplot smoothing and nonlinear fitting in 2018.The results are:(1)support services(habitat quality,carbon storage)and regulating services(water conservation,soil conservation,atmospheric purification)exhibited the general trend of core protection area>ecological conservation area>traditional utilization area>recreation area,whereas water yield exhibited the general trend of recreation area>core protection area>ecological conservation area>traditional utilization area.(2)Vegetations composed of dominant species,such as Quercus,Pinus massoniana and other hard broad-leaved trees,were positive factors affecting support and regulating services,but artificial land-use types,such as agricultural land,Camellia oleifera and construction land,were negative factors.There was a strong interaction between vegetation,climate,soil and topographic factors.(3)Weak trade-offs and no interaction could be identified between provisioning services(water yield)and support services(habitat quality,carbon storage)as well as provisioning services(water yield)and regulating services(water conservation,soil conservation,atmospheric purification).The general non-linear synergies could be identified between support and regulating services,which was due to the complexity of the drivers.Synergies can be grouped into the following four categories:concave synergy,convex synergy,S type synergy and linear synergy.(4)On the whole,ESs presented a coordinated and win-win situation,but trade-offs were still strong in localized areas.The interlace zones between recreation area,ecological conservation area and traditional utilization area were identified as important regulatory areas by integrated consideration of relationships among 6 ESs.Therefore,protecting natural vegetation was primary measures,and soil-topography should be incorporated into the joint regulation and control of various ESs with a landscape design based on dominant vegetation types,in which artificial vegetation should be patched correspondingly.