蒙古黄金家族祖先崇拜和祭祀的传承演变

The Ancestor Worship of Mongolian Golden Family and the Inheritance and Evolution of Its Sacrifice

本文按蒙古汗国、元朝、北元、清朝、中华民国、中华人民共和国成立后六个不同时期,讨论分析了蒙古黄金家族祖先崇拜和祭祀方式的传承演变,认为在数百年的传承演变过程中,其祭祀方式或多或少受主祭人员祭祀目的和其他民族祭俗及藏传佛教的影响和修改。如今的祭祀仪式,是在蒙古汗国祭奠基础上改进、完善后形成的,有龙年大祭、虎年大祭、年祭、季祭(四时大祭)、月祭、日祭等形式,祭祀对象也由元朝时的也速该等四代八位祖先和夫人神位变成了成吉思汗及夫人孛尔帖、呼兰哈敦、古日勃勒津高娃画像及其用过的奶桶、马鞍、弓箭、八骏图、仓廪等象征物。

In line with the six different historical periods such as Mongolian khanate,Yuan Dynasty,Northern Yu-an Dynasty,Qing Dynasty,Republic of China and The people’s Republic of China,this paper analyzes theinheritance and evolution of ancestor worship and sacrificial ways of Mongolian golden family,and holdsthat in the process of hundreds of years of inheritance and evolution,its sacrificial ways has been affectedand changed to a certain extent by the sacrificial purpose of the main sacrificial staff,other national sacrifi-cial customs and Tibetan Buddhism. The objects of sacrifice also changed from the eight ancestors such asYesukhei Khan and their wives in the Yuan Dynasty to the portraits of Genghis Khan and his wives Borte,Khulan Khatun,Gurbeljin Goo and their used milk pails,saddles,bows and arrows,eight horses,granaryand other symbols.