陈鹤琴“活教法”思想滥觞及对当前幼儿园课程改革的启示

The Origin of Chen Heqin's Method of“Living Teaching”and Its Implications for Current Kindergarten Curriculum Reform

陈鹤琴的“活教育”理论体系是一个完整的教育理论体系。当前幼儿园课程改革将“大自然、大社会都是活教材”奉为圭臬,但对“活教法”没有加以足够重视。“活教法”由“实验、参考、发表、检讨”四个步骤构成。这四个步骤滥觞于杜威进步主义教育哲学的两个基础:“个人与社会的关系”“知识与行动的关系”。杜威以“教学法的要素跟思维的要素是相同的”作为进步主义教材组织的原则,对美、英等多国的课程实施产生了深远影响。幼儿园课程改革应从“活教材”的开发向“活教法”研究“转调”,如此方能突破当前幼儿园课程改革的瓶颈。

Chen Heqin's“living education”is a comprehensive and systematic theoretical system.In the current curriculum reform in China's kindergartens,the principle advocated by Chen that“nature and society are both living subject-matters”is faithfully observed,but his method of“living teaching”has not been given enough attention.The living teaching method includes the following four steps:“experiment,consultation,presentation,and reflection.”This procedure is derived from the two bases of John Dewey's educational philosophy:i.e.,“the relation between individual and society”and“the relation between knowledge and experience.”As a fundamental principle of progressive organization of subject-matter,Dewey's proposition that“the essentials of pedagogy are identical with the essentials of reflective thinking”has had profound influences on the organization of subject-matter in the curricula of many countries.In order to rise above the bottlenecks in the curriculum reform for kindergartens,we should shift our focus from the development of Chen's“living subject-matter”to his method of“living teaching”.