从国防预算转向国家安全预算——对美国“国家安全统一预算”的介评和测算

From the Defence Budget to the Budget of the National Security:Evaluation and Measure of the US"Unified National Security Budget"

长期以来,美国把国防安全等同于国家安全,在资源配置上强调国防预算但鲜提国家安全预算。冷战结束尤其是“9·11”事件之后,美国战略环境与安全挑战发生巨变,现行预算体制短板不断显现,涉及国家安全事务各部门之间开支失调问题引发争论。受此影响,美国开始探索实施“国家安全统一预算”。随着以沙利文为代表大力倡导国家安全预算的人士进入拜登政府并担任要职,美国“国家安全统一预算”再次受到高度关注。单一型国家安全预算、任务导向型预算、联合展示型预算是美国“国家安全统一预算”的三个版本,其着力点和具体内容存在区别,但均强调三项基本原则——大战略驱动、全政府模式、总量控制和部门间平衡。文章最后使用2019年美国预算数据,通过多种方法对美国国家安全预算总规模进行了测算,结果显示它高出美国国防预算约1893~2733.2亿美元。

Traditionally,the Untied States equated national security with national defense and allocated resources accordingly.After the cold war and the September 11 attack,the strategic environment and security challenges of the US changed remarkably,the problems of the US budget system emerged,and the imbalance of spending among different agencies related to national security affairs became a serious concern.Against these backgrounds,the US gradually explores the implementation of the Unified National Security Budget(UNSB).With some of the advocates of the UNSB joining the Biden administration,such as Jake Sullivan,the national security advisor,the UNSB gets lots of attention once again.The UNSB has three versions——a single national security budget,a mission-based budget and a national security crosscut budget display,which have different foci but share three common principles.In the end,the author calculates the scale of the US national security budget with its budget data of 2019 and finds it is bigger than its defense budget of about 189.3~273.32 billion dollars.