基于普方比较的涟水话核心词特征探析

An Analysis of the Characteristics of the Core Words of Lianshui Dialect Based on the Comparison between Mandarin and Dialect

核心词是人类语言基本词汇中最为稳定的部分,反映词汇共性。涟水话隶属江淮官话洪巢片,处于北方中原官话和南方吴语之间,与普通话核心词差异较为明显。200核心词中,有95条存在多种不同类型的差异表现,占47.5%。其中普方都是一种说法的有64条,占67%;普通话一种说法对应涟水话两种或三种说法的有31条,占33%。前、后100核心词,普方差异率分别为37%和58%,各占200核心词总差异量39%和61%,后100核心词普方差异程度大于前100核心词。涟水话核心词存留古汉语通语词和方言词相对较多,造词理据和构词方式个性化特色鲜明,普方差异呈现双方说法全异及多种局部相同的复杂类型并存的层级过渡性态势。

Core words are the most stable part of the basic vocabulary of human language,reflecting the commonness of vocabulary.Lianshui dialect belongs to Hongchao area of Jianghuai Mandarin,which is between Zhongyuan Mandarin in the north and Wu dialect in the south.The difference of core words between Lianshui dialect and Mandarin is quite obvious.Among the 200 core words,95 entries have various types of differences,accounting for 47.5%.Among them,64 entries(67%)between Lianshui dialect and Mandarin are single expressions.There are 31 entries in Mandarin corresponding to two or three entries in Lianshui dialect,accounting for 33%.The difference rates of the former and the latter 100 core words between Lianshui dialect and Mandarin are 37%and 58%respectively,accounting for 39%and 61%of the total differences of 200 core words respectively.The difference degree of the latter 100 core words is greater than that of the former 100 core words.The core words of Lianshui dialect remain relatively more general words and dialect words in ancient Chinese,and the reasons for word formation and the way of word formation have distinctive characteristics.The difference between the two sides presents a hierarchical transitional situation in which the two sides have completely different entries and a variety of locally identical complex types coexist.