美国特殊学生替代性评估的实施概况及启示

The Implementation of Alternate Assessment for Students with Special Needs in the United States and Its Enlightenment

在融合教育背景下,美国各州为那些即使经过适当调整也无法参加普通评估的特殊学生建立了完整、灵活的替代性学业评估实施方案。美国替代性评估的实施程序包括组建IEP团队、确定替代性评估对象及评估类型、选择替代性评估的方法并实施、形成替代性评估报告四个步骤。实施替代性评估提高了特殊学生的学业成绩以及教师对特殊学生的学业期望,促进了学校改革,但在实施过程中也遇到了资格准入标准不一致、部分教师对替代性评估持否定态度等挑战。美国特殊学生替代性评估为我国随班就读学生学业评估的实施提供了借鉴。

In the context of inclusive education,the United States have established complete and flexible alternate academic assessment implementation programs for students with special needs who,even with appropriate adjustments,would not be able to participate in the general assessment.The implementation process of alternate assessment includes four steps:the formation of IEP team,the identification of assessment objects and assessment types,the selection and implementation of assessment approach,and the formation of assessment report.The implementation of alternate assessment has improved the academic achievement of students with special needs,raised their teachers’academic expectations,and promoted school reform.In the implementation process,it also encountered the challenges of inconsistent access qualification standards and some teachers’negative attitude towards it.The alternate assessment for students with special needs in the United States provides a reference for the implementation of academic assessment for their counterparts learning in regular classrooms in China.