《七政历》考原——从国图藏《大明万历四十四年岁次丙辰五星伏见目录》谈起

A Study on Qizheng Almanac:Research Based on Wuxing Fujian Mulu of the 44^(th) Year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty Collected by the National Library of China

《七政历》指的是明代钦天监岁造的《七政躔度历》,明末增入五星纬行而改称《七政经纬躔度历》,入清后又更名为《七政经纬躔度时宪历》。一件完整的《七政历》应首列五星伏见目录,次列日、月、木、火、土、金、水每日宿度,后列月孛、罗睺、计都、紫炁行度。国图藏本仅凭历书首页标题,将其定名为《五星伏见目录》,是不可取的。一般认为,明清时期的《七政历》发行量少,仅供宫廷和少数官署使用。通过对《七政历》存世状况与颁行情况的初步梳理,可以发现,明清《七政历》不仅远传日本、朝鲜、越南,岁造《七政历》的制度也为这些国家所效仿;与此同时,《七政历》也逐渐走向民间,成为百姓日常可以取用的历书。明朝政府初造《七政躔度历》,是为了查验天象以修缮历法,但随着《七政历》流传日广,其天象记录也被广泛应用于星占与择日。

Qizheng Almanac is a book published in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,which mainly records the planetary positions of the sun,the moon and five planets.In the early Ming Dynasty,it was called Qizheng Positions Almanac.In the late Ming Dynasty,it was renamed Qizheng Longitude and Latitude Positions Almanac because of the addition of latitude positions of five planets.In the Qing Dynasty,it was renamed Qizheng Longitude and Latitude Positions Shixian Almanac.It is pointed out that Wuxing Fujian Mulu is mistaken as the name of the almanac,and it is actually Qizheng Position Almanac recorded in the History of the Ming Dynasty.Moreover,there are still many such mistakes.Qizheng Almanac in the Ming Dynasty was compiled mainly for the need of calendar revision,and its popularity was very limited.In the Qing Dynasty,Qizheng Almanac were officially promulgated,so it became more popular and was used for various purposes.