清代内府目连戏《上路魔障》研究

A Study on Mulian Opera(Mu-lian-xi)Shang-lu-mo-zhang Produced by Imperial Household Department(Nei-wu-fu)in Qing Dynasty

《劝善金科》作为宫廷目连戏演出的重要形式,以其连台本戏的演出形式和对民间同类题材剧目的吸收而为学界所重。但清代宫廷所演出的目连戏形式除连台本戏的呈现方式外,还包括很多弋腔单出戏,这类剧目的大量演出与王朝的没落逐渐无法支撑连台本戏的演出有关。《上路魔障》作为宫廷演出目连戏单出的典型代表,与《劝善金科》之间呈现出一定的承袭关系。至光绪朝随着外学伶人再次进入内廷,该剧在内府的演出也受到了民间风格的影响,而颇好皮黄的慈禧太后则授意昇平署将这部老旦主演的传统弋腔戏翻为皮黄腔。该剧连台本戏与单出戏的不同呈现形式、宫廷和民间的不同演出版本、弋腔和皮黄腔的不同腔调体系,内学太监和外学伶人不同的演出单位,构成该剧在内府复杂的演出形态。而其之所以传唱不衰的原因,则源于该剧劝善修身的价值理念和引人入胜的情节设置。

As an important form of the court opera,the play Quan-shan-jin-ke as a Mulian opera(Mu-lian-xi),is highly valued by the academic circles because of its serialized theatrical performance form and its absorption of folk drama with similar themes.However,in addition to the presentation of serialized theatrical performance,the performance form of court Mulian opera in Qing Dynasty also includes many single performances in the form of Yiqiang tune.The large number of single performance is attributed to the decline of Qing Dynasty with its gradual inability to support the serialized theatrical performance.As a typical representative of single performance of court Mulian opera,the play Shang-lu-mo-zhang displays a certain inheritance from the play Quan-shan-jin-ke.In Guangxu period(1871-1908),with folk actors entering the imperial palace,the performance of the play in the imperial court was also influenced by the folk style,and Empress Dowager Cixi,who was keen on Pi-huan(Peking Opera),instructed Sheng-ping Department(an organization in charge of court opera performances in Qing Dynasty)to transform the traditional play in Yiqiang tune starring with the old female character(Laodan)into Pi-huang-qiang tune(Peking Opera tune).The complex court performance form of the play is attributed to different presentation forms(serialized theatrical performance and single performance),different performance versions(the court and the folk),different tune systems(Yiqiang tune and Pi-huang-qiang tune),and different performance units(the folk actors and the court actors).The popularity of the play results from its value of persuading people to cultivate themselves and its fascinating plot structure.