近代越南阮朝的华侨华人政策及其影响

Policies for Overseas Chinese and Its Effects in the Nguyen Dynasty of Modern Vietnam

近代以来,越南失去湄公河三角洲地区的重要"粮仓"。为了自身利益,阮朝并不拒绝华侨华人移民,继续采取一些优待华侨华人的"柔远""亲善"政策,并通过区分清人和明乡人,加速华侨华人的本地化。通过制定主要针对华侨华人的商业税收政策与海船税例,发展海外贸易,阮朝获得巨额财政收入,同时对清商保持警惕之心,制定严格的法律和行政措施。华侨华人为阮朝购买武器、载银入港、载米救灾、护送货船,获得免税或者减税的奖励,遇到海难的商船也会得到阮朝救助。但是,在阮朝"实用主义"的政策下,华侨华人只有遵守当地的风俗和法律,才能生存和发展。

Since modern times,Vietnam had lost an important"granary"in the Mekong Delta.For its own economic interests,the Nguyen Dynasty did not refuse the immigration of overseas Chinese.They continued to adopt"softness"and"goodwill"policies to give overseas Chinese preferential treatment and accelerate the localization of overseas Chinese by distinguishing Qing people from Minh Huong people.Through formulating commercial taxation policies and shipping tax regulations for overseas Chinese and overseas trade,the Nguyen Dynasty obtained huge financial revenues.At the same time the Nguyen Dynasty remained vigilant towards Qing merchants,made laws and took administrative measures to strictly manage overseas Chinese.Overseas Chinese businessmen who bought weapons for the Nguyen Dynasty,carried silver from overseas,delivered rice for disaster relief,and escorted the ship were rewarded with tax exemption or tax reduction.The wrecked Chinese merchant ships due to wind or bandits would also be rescued by the Nguyen Dynasty.However,under the Nguyen Dynasty’s"pragmatism"policy,overseas Chinese could survive and develop only if they consciously abided by the local customs and laws.