论中国古代教育意义世界的消解与重构——以朱熹对宋代科举之学批判为中心的考察

On the Dissolution and Reconstruction of the World of Educational Significance in Ancient China——An Investigation Centered on Zhu Xi’s Criticism of Imperial Examinations in the Song Dynasty

为己之学是以朱熹为代表的理学家们所秉承的为学宗旨。以追求外在功名利禄为宗旨的科举之学,不仅使古代学者面临着失去自我独立人格和主体地位的歧途和风险,而且在无形中消解了学者为己的古代教育意义世界。以"四书"为中心的新经学课程体系及旨在改革科举之弊的《学校贡举私议》,体现了朱熹在科举取士背景下立足于为己之学的立场来协调举业与修学之间的相互关系,并使学者在与圣贤的文本对话中体悟儒学内在超越价值取向的学术理想。朱熹对于孔颜乐处本真的阐释及对圣贤气象的追寻,正是要重塑属伦理又超伦理、准审美又超审美的精神境界,进而使古代学者在体验圣贤德行工夫中领悟超然的教育意义世界。仁智统一的为己之学正是儒家教育经典之真价值所在,成己成人之中蕴含着古代学者的学术理想和修身境界。这正是追溯朱熹重构古代教育意义世界的价值所在。

Learning for oneself is the academic tenet of the scholars represented by Zhu Xi.The study of imperial examinations for the purpose of pursuing external fame and reputation not only exposed ancient scholars to the astray and risk of losing their independent personality and subjective status,but also dispelled the ancient world of educational significance for scholars.The New Confucian Classics curriculum system centered on the“Four Books”and the“Private Opinions on School Gongju”aimed at reforming the imperfections of the imperial examinations,embodying Zhu Xi’s position on the basis of self-learning in the background of imperial examinations to coordinate examination and study.The interrelationships allow scholars to realize the academic ideal of Confucianism beyond the value orientation in the textual dialogue with the sages.Zhu Xi’s true interpretation of Kong Yan laugh and his pursuit of the sages are precisely to reshape the spiritual realm of ethics,super-ethics,quasi-aesthetics,and super-aesthetics,so that ancient scholars can understand the transcendental educational significance in experiencing the sages and virtues world.The learning for oneself of Ren and wisdom is the true value of the Confucian classics,and contains the academic ideals and self-cultivation of ancient scholars.This is exactly the value of tracing Zhu Xi’s reconstruction of the world of ancient educational significance.