吐蕃大论官制演变再考

A Restudy on the Evolution of the Chief Minister System during Tubo Period

吐蕃大论制度是藏族古代官职体系的重要组成部分,是研究吐蕃政治体制的重要窗口。纵观学界相关成果,认为吐蕃大论制度经历了四个阶段,即从早期的独相制、到中期实行众相制、再到晚期开创僧相制后再回到众相制的看法最具影响。本文以大论制度之演变为考察对象,从分析这一古藏文官职名称的语义、词源及翻译问题入手,通过梳理和比对不同时期藏汉史料对该官职的不同叙述,提出吐蕃大论制度的演变主要体现在其选拔任用和职权增减方面,同时,对吐蕃是否实行过众相制提出了自己的看法,本文认为吐蕃始终履行由一个大论接任一个大论的独论制,对古藏文文本的误读误译和对唐蕃官衔对译关系的误解导致了学界的“众相”一说。

The post of Chief Minister is an important part of the bureaucratic system of ancient Tibetan,it also serves a fundamental window to study the political system of Imperial Tibet.Based on the literature review,the claim that the post of Chief Minister has gone through four stages,namely,from the early single chief minister system,to the multiple chief minister system in the middle,later to the monk minister system and then return to the multiple system at last,seems to be most influential.This article takes the evolution of the Chief Minister system as the object of investigation,starting from an analysis of the semantics,etymology and translation problems of this Old Tibetan official post,through outlining and comparing different narratives about this post contained in Tibetan and Chinese sources composed in different periods,this study proposes that the major evolution of this post is mainly reflected in its selection,appointment and the change of powers and tasks.At the same time,it also sheds light on the problem of whether Tibet has ever implemented a multiple chief minister system.This article argues that Tibet has always implemented a monologue system in which one chief minister succeeds another.The misunderstanding and mistranslation of Old Tibetan texts and the misinterpretation of the relationship between Tang and Tibetan official titles have led to the theory of"multiple chief minister system1'in the field.