砷的健康危害评估

Health hazard assessment of arsenic

目的在系统文献检索基础上,收集筛选砷(Arsenic)及其化合物的危害识别、危害特征描述的毒理学资料和数据,对砷的健康影响进行危害评估,为风险评估提供毒理学基础数据。方法首先进行系统文献检索,经过初级检索、去重和人工筛选等文献梳理过程,以及文献质量相关性评价,确定纳入的核心参考文献;然后对收集筛选的毒理学信息进行整理、分析,对砷的健康影响进行危害评估。结果砷的毒性与其化学形态和溶解性有关。无机砷的急性经口毒性分级为中毒至剧毒,有机砷为无毒。三价砷毒性强于五价砷。亚慢性和慢性毒性动物试验显示:砷对心血管、呼吸、胃肠、血液、免疫、生殖和神经系统有危害效应。人体通过呼吸吸入、皮肤接触、食物和水等方式摄入过量砷后,会发生急、慢性砷中毒,甚至诱发癌症。2012年,国际癌症研究机构(IARC)将砷和无机砷化合物列为第1类物质(对人类为确定致癌物)。结论砷的长期暴露具有一定的健康危害,其毒性作用主要包括生殖发育毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性和致癌性等。食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)基于总膳食暴露评估的无机砷的BMDL0.5为每天2.0~7.0μg/kg·bw。世界卫生组织(WHO)规定生活饮用水的砷限量为10μg/L。我国GB 2762-2017食品安全国家标准“食品中污染物限量”规定,谷物等食品中总砷限量为0.5 mg/kg。

Objective Based on systematic literature searches(SLS),toxicological data of arsenic were collected and analyzed,so as to evaluate the health effects of arsenic,aiming to provide basic toxicological data for risk assessment.Methods Firstly,SLS was carried out through primary retrieval of literature,data deduplication,manual screening and analyzed of data,followed by quality relevance assessment of core toxicological data.Then the qualified toxicological data were collected and analyzed to evaluate the health effects of arsenic.Results The arsenic′s toxicity is related to its chemical form and solubility.The acute oral toxicity of inorganic arsenic was classified as medium toxic to highly toxic,while organic arsenic was non-toxic.Trivalent arsenic is more toxic than pentavalent arsenic.Subchronic and chronic animal toxicity tests show that arsenic possess have adverse effect to cardiovascular,respiratory,gastrointestinal,blood,immune,reproductive and nervous systems.Acute and chronic arsenic poisoning may occur after excessive intake of arsenic through breathing,skin contact,food and water,and even induce cancer in human beings.In 2012,the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC)classified arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds as Group 1(carcinogenic to humans).Conclusion Long-term exposure of arsenic has certain health hazards,which mainly include reproductive and developmental toxicity,neurotoxicity,immunotoxicity,carcinogenicity.Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committeeon Food Additives(JECFA)reassessed the BMDL0.5 of inorganic arsenic as 2.0 to 7.0μg/kg.bw per day based on the total dietary exposure assessment;The limit of arsenic in drinking water was set at 10μg/L by WHO.In China′s GB2762-2017 National Food Safety Standard,the limit of total arsenic in cereals and other foods is 0.5 mg/kg.