马克思对蒲鲁东思想的哲学批判及其当代价值

Marx’s Philosophical Criticism of Proudhon’s Thought and Its Contemporary Value

蒲鲁东对造成资本主义种种罪恶的所有权进行了批判,这在当时不无意义。但是马克思敏锐地洞察到,蒲鲁东的所有权批判是建立在抽象人性论基础之上的,其永恒正义的观念实质上代表的是小资产阶级的利益,其抽象平等的观念和脱离了现实经济运动的所谓永恒正义观念始终在概念里兜圈子,以概念批判代替事实批判,是一种脱离事实批判的、抽象的应然性道德诉求。由于其脱离现实经济运动,因而无法说明工人异化和受剥削的根源,也无法对现实的工人运动起到任何指导性作用,最终必然沦为空想。以马克思的经典文本为依据,考察马克思对蒲鲁东为代表的小资产阶级思想之"抽象性"的批判,有助于凸显马克思批判哲学之科学性和实践性的辩证统一,亦有助于澄清马克思对于道德批判的基本态度。

Proudhon’s critique of ownership as the cause of all evils of capitalism was significant during that era.But Marx was keenly aware that Proudhon’s critique of ownership was based on an abstract theory of human nature.Proudhon’s notion of eternal justice essentially represented the interests of the petty bourgeoisie,and his notions of abstract equality and the so-called eternal justice,divorced from the real economic movement,were going around and around in concept.In a word,he replaced factual criticism with conceptual criticism.As a result,his criticism was reduced to an abstract moral appeal divorced from factual criticism.Because it was divorced from the real economic movement,it could not explain the root cause of alienation and exploitation of workers,nor could it play any guiding role in real workers’movements,and would eventually become a fantasy.Based on Marx’s classic texts,the paper examines Marx’s criticism of the"abstractness"of Proudhon’s petty-bourgeois thought,shedding light on the dialectical unity of the scientific and practical nature of Marx’s critical philosophy,and clarifying Marx’s basic attitude towards moral criticism.